Understanding Flu- Influenza Causes Definition Treatment Symptoms

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Understanding Flue- Influenza Causes Definition Treatment Symptoms

Understanding Flue and its Prevention:

What do we call as Flu?

We usually think the common cold and the flu are the same as they share mutual features. This is because both caused by viral infections, have similar symptoms, and usually can be treated at home. They additionally develop bit by bit, with certain symptoms emerging as the infection progresses. But if we notice sharply the differences in the onset, severity, and duration of the typical cold or bout of influenza we can become more cautious. A low-grade fever isn’t out of the question. Most flu symptoms gradually improve over two to five days still one may feel run down for a week or more. A common complication of the flu is the respiratory disorder, particularly in the young, elderly, or people with lung or heart problems. Another common sign of pneumonia is the fever that comes back after having been gone for a day or two.

Do you know the Stages of Cold & Flu?

The common cold starts off with its signs developing slowly. The contagious period for the common cold life-span can be a couple of days before cold symptoms kick in and continue for some days afterwards. The most usual cold symptoms are fatigue, sore or scratchy throat, nasal congestion, stuffiness or a runny nose, followed by sneezing and coughing. Cold symptoms generally appear about one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus but it can differ from person to person. Generally, the cold symptoms will peak around day four and taper off in the seventh day. Over the course of the illness, the mucus discharged by a runny nose may change colour starting out clear and becoming thicker, yellow, or green. The full life cycle of a cold is usually between 7-10 days. If your symptoms persist over the time period or keep returning, then something else may be going on, such as allergies, sinusitis, or a secondary infection.

Flu symptoms typically begin at intervals one to four days when infection. Unlike a standard cold, the effects of an influenza virus infection can appear drastically. The first signs of the flu are often a fever or chills, accompanied by a headache, sore throat, dry cough, runny nose, muscle aches, and fatigue. As the sickness progresses, a person may have warm, flushed skin, watery or bloodshot eyes, a severe cough that produces phlegm, and nasal congestion. Among children, nausea and vomiting may also occur. The flu usually lasts 1 to 2 weeks, with severe symptoms subsiding in two to three days. However, weakness, fatigue, dry cough, and a reduced ability to exercise will linger for 3 to 7 days.

Is the Flu Contagious?

A survey stated that 41% of people think the flu is only contagious after symptoms start. That’s not true. Adults with a fever of 102F or higher and children with a fever of 103F or higher should see a doctor. If you notice shortness of breath, let your doctor recognize.

An adult infected with influenza may be contagious from one day before symptoms start until 5-7 days after becoming sick. Children could still be contagious extending than seven days.

For individuals who’ve had a grippe shot, the symptoms last a shorter amount of time or are less severe. Even if the symptoms disappear, you may continue to feel fatigued. Staying home until your contagious period ends help you avoid passing germs on to other people.

When complications develop, a person will likely be sick for longer than 15 days, depending on the severity of the complication, how quickly they are aided, and how well they respond to treatment. Even in healthy people who don’t develop complications, the flu can cause symptoms that persist for weeks, including fatigue, low appetite and dry cough associated with loss of sense of smell.

Symptoms of FLU:

Signs of severe complications that ought to prompt you to hunt medical attention include the following:

  • Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
  • Purple or blue discolouration of the lips
  • Pain or heavy chest and abdomen
  • High fever
  • Sudden dizziness
  • Confusion
  • Severe or persistent vomiting
  • Seizures
  • Worse cough

Some people are at magnified risk for complications from contagion such as

  • the very young
  • people 65 or older
  • obese people crossing body mass index (BMI) of 40
  • chronic illness patients of asthma, heart disease, HIV, or diabetes
  • pregnant women

People in these groups are prone to have weak defense systems and are vulnerable to the complication of pneumonia, which can be deadly.

 How Long Does Immunity Last?

A study printed in March 2017 within the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases confirmed that immunity declines over the months following vaccination or infection. Unlike other viral diseases, with the flu, however, you are not immune for life and the immunity doesn’t last that long. Getting injected regularly is vital to lower your chance of getting affected. It takes some time to develop immunity to the flu, and experts recommend getting vaccinated before flu season is in full swing to ensure adequate protection. The flu—or contagion—is an extremely contagious metastasis virus caused by one in all 3 completely different virus types: influenza A, B, or C. It spreads instantly through the spit droplets that become mobile once somebody sneezes or coughs, by exposure to saliva passed by routine contacts, such as kissing or sharing eating utensils.

Prevention &Treating Flu

Fever is an important sign for any kind of flu. Catherine Troisi, PhD, an associate professor in the community health and epidemiology at the University Of Texas School Of Public Health in Houston says, “It’s really basic public health practices.” Moreover, we ought to keep home if we are sick, get enough sleep, and eat well.

Pain relievers lower your fever and relieve the aches, but if you are at high risk of complications, and if it is early in the infection, your doctor may recommend an antiviral drug like oseltamivir or zanamivir. Postnasal drip, in which mucus accumulates or drips in the back of the throat, can further aggravate a sore throat or a cough.

Basic Practices

 Understanding Flue- Influenza Causes Definition Treatment Symptoms

  • Get an annual flu vaccine course.
  • Before eating or touching your face wash your hands with soap and water.
  • Regular smokers are more likely to get the flu than non-smokers. Quit smoking.

Cognizant Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions – TCS CTS

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INTERVIEW Questions FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE  IN CONGNIZANT TCS

Here in this article we provide you Cognizant Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions along with TCS CTS walk in for M.Pharmacy and B pharmacy Freshers. Generally the Pharmacovigilance in TCS & CTS will be conducted in the same office around 10:00 AM to 2.30 PM.

INTERVIEW PROCESS FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE IN CONGNIZANT

Its really good to know where about of anything you do prior. When you decide to go for an interview it is really good to know the pattern of the interview along with its process. Pharmacovigilance is the trending topic these days. I will let you know here expected rounds of interview.

1) Communication –2 min oral talking on your own topic or Group Discussion
2) Aptitude
3) Narrative writing (may be a case study related to clinical trial)
4) HR Round

These days group discussion is very important part of the interview. This is the deciding factor whether you go forward. You have to talk properly with a ear on others speech. Be alert and talk accordingly.

Aptitude is the most important task you need to practice before. Not only for this position for every job you have to give this task successfullyINTERVIEW Questions FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE  IN CONGNIZANT TCS

INTERVIEW Questions FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE  IN CONGNIZANT

Now we discuss Competency Areas for Pharmacovigilance Professionals. If you want to be a pharmacovigilance Professionals you have know all these things.

Information management skills
# Knowledge of relevant Pharmacovigilance information sources including: printed publications, unpublished sources, databases, websites, social media sites, market research, patients and healthcare professionals, investigator sponsored research and external bodies.
# Effective understanding and use of the principles of information capture, storage, searching and retrieval.
# Effective use of appropriate IT systems and programs.

Scientific knowledge
# Ability to understand in detail clinical, biomedical and scientific reports about pharmaceutical products at a level to allow appropriate capture, review and processing of safety data.

Analytical skills
# Ability to analyse and appraise safety data as part of the ongoing benefit-risk assessment of the company’s products.
# Ability to make informed decisions after finding the relevant facts.

Communication skills
# Ability to communicate information effectively and clearly in written form to allow sharing of safety data within the company and to regulatory bodies as required.

Understanding the wider context
# Knowledge of the business and of the pharmaceutical industry.
# Understanding of the external environment: the NHS, Government policy, regulatory requirements.

Understanding of relevant legal and related issues
# European and Global PV Regulations
# Medicines Act and Statutory Instruments.
# Data Protection legislation.
# Copyright.

Ethics
# Understanding of, and compliance with, company policies, legal requirements, the European
# Good Vigilance Practice Modules, ABPI Pharmacovigilance Expert Network guidance and other industry guidelines that are relevant to pharmacovigilance.
# Application of sound professional judgement to ethical issues.

Workload Management
# Ability to prioritise, plan and organise work with the appropriate sense of urgency based on regulatory requirements and business needs.

Personal skills
# Team management and leadership skills (for team leaders and managers).
# Strategic planning (especially for managers).
# Interpersonal skills.
# Understanding of the needs and priorities of regulatory bodies.
# Use of effective questioning to accurately record safety data.
# Ability to actively listen.
# Teamwork.
# Courteous manner and consideration of others’ views.

Proactivity
# Informing management of important issues as they arise which require their attention.
# Ensuring all company employees and contractors are appropriately trained to capture safety data.
# Actively increasing awareness of Pharmacovigilance requirements to colleagues and third parties in appropriate ways.

Accountability
# Compliance with regulatory requirements.
# Compliance with standard operating procedures and company policies.
# Continuous development
# Developing and improving knowledge and skills.
# Keeping abreast of developments in regulatory requirements.
# Developing the role in line with regulatory requirements and the company’s needs.
# Identifying and implementing improvements in ways of working – for self and for team/department.

PRECLINICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE 7.5 C

The past decade has seen a rise in the numbers of people working in the field of drug safety and pharmacovigilance. This trend is likely to continue and reflects a greater focus on the safety of medicines. This introductory course in Preclinical Safety Assessment and Pharmacovigilance is organized by the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences at Uppsala University in collaboration with the Uppsala Monitoring Centre at The World Health Organization.

This is a half-time web-based course during 10 weeks. This corresponds to 20 hours work per week and requires a commitment to engage in all assignments.
This web-based course encompasses safety aspects in all phases of drug development and drug use. We will discuss the safety of drug candidates and new pharmaceuticals based on toxicity studies as well as on clinical trials. We will also review risk / benefit assessment of drugs and the safe use of medicines. There is no need to physically attend the university for any sessions or examination and the language of instruction is English. A web-based teaching platform (the Student Portal) will be used. The course includes video lectures, five mandatory individual assignments, three mandatory group assignments and a final web-based examination.
The course is given twice a year, in the beginning of each semester. Apply online. The April admission round starts in the middle of March and ends 15 April. The October admission round starts in the middle of September and ends 15 October. The next course starts 1 September and finishes 9 November, 2014. For more detailed information about the course click here.

INTERVIEW FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE IN CONGNIZANT Quintiles TCS

ROUND 1: HR will ask you to speak something about yourself and he will analyze your accent and style of English .
TIP TO FACE THIS ROUND: before attending prepare SD very well without getting struck and with good accent .
ROUND 2: mostly they won’t conduct group discussion but sometimes they may conduct .it’s also bit easy just you need to open mouth and should speak something relavent to topic with good accent
ROUND 3: In this round you need to write online English ,logical Aptitude test time will be 45 mins for each set (Exam will be in the micromax Tabs)
TIP TO FACE THIS ROUND: ENGLISH APTITUDE :Prepare English Grammar ,question will be like jumbling words, passages, prepositions, vocabulary etc..(45mins)
NUMERICAL APTITUDE: coding and decoding its very simple search and find in the google how to prepare coding and decoding , small logical calculations, family relations questions etc..
ROUND 4: (HR AND TECHNICAL) ;Need to perform with good accent in English with confidant in HR round they won’t ask any technical questions ,if you have any experience they will ask about your previous work experience and company.
TECHINICAL: they don’t ask much from our core pharmacy you need to prepare pharmacovigilance topics and basic pharmacology.
NOTE: main matter to get pharmacovigilnce job in congnizant (voice process) is you have to perform with good English accent .

Hope this article provided you the information you need regarding the Cognizant Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions along with TCS CTS walk in for M.Pharmacy and B pharmacy Freshers. Generally the Pharmacovigilance in TCS & CTS will conduct interviews on a regular basis, so you need to be cautious and attentive to their announcements.

Causes of High Blood Pressure & Hypertension BP

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Causes of High Blood Pressure & Hypertension BP

What is high blood pressure or hypertension? Causes? Reasons?

The blood pressure is measured in the account of how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping. The time when your blood pressure increases to unhealthy levels there is an occurrence of high blood pressure or hypertension. Narrow arteries increase the resistance of the blood flow throughout the body. The thickness of the arteries and the density of your blood determine the blood pressure. Over the long term, high blood pressure can cause several health issues, including major brain and heart dysfunction.

High blood pressure or Hypertension is quite common nowadays and it typically develops in course of several years. In fact, it’s expected that in America nearly 50% of adults get affected with this condition. It is a silent killer and can cause damage to your blood vessels and organs, especially the brain, heart, eyes, and kidneys.

What causes high blood pressure?

Research has not been able to show what mechanisms cause blood pressure to slowly increase. There are two types of hypertension. Each type has a different cause.

Primary hypertension

It is also called as essential hypertension and is found in most people. It builds up over time with no identifiable cause. A combination of factors may play a role. These factors include:

  • Genes: Some people are predisposed to hypertension by family inheritance. This may be from genetic orientation carried from parents or any mutations.
  • Physical changes: If something in your body changes, you may begin experiencing issues throughout your body elevating the blood pressure.
  • Environment: Being obese can increase your risk of hypertension. Unhealthy lifestyle choices where there is lack of physical activity and poor diet can take a toll on your body.

Secondary hypertension

This often occurs quickly and can become more severe than primary hypertension. Several conditions that may cause secondary hypertension include:

  • kidney disease
  • obstructive sleep apnea
  • congenital heart defects
  • problems with your thyroid
  • side effects of medications
  • use of illegal drugs
  • alcohol abuse or chronic use
  • adrenal gland problems
  • certain endocrine tumours

Diagnosing high blood pressure

Diagnosis is simple and done by checking the blood pressure reading. Generally, doctors check blood pressure as part of a routine visit. Regular blood pressure readings can help you and your doctor notices any changes. If your result is a high blood pressure then your doctor calls for the routine check-up of the blood pressure over a few weeks. This is to see if the number stays elevated or falls back to normal levels. In case if you don’t get to know your reading then request one blood pressure reading at your next appointment. There has to be evidence of a sustained problem. Sometimes the anxiety you feel by being at the doctor’s chamber can contribute to increased blood pressure. Also, blood pressure levels change throughout the day.

If your reports are still unclear, more tests are to be done to detect underlying conditions. These tests are the urine test, cholesterol screening and other blood tests, electrocardiogram (EKG, sometimes referred to as an ECG) and ultrasound of your heart or kidneys. These tests enable them to identify any secondary issues aggravating the blood pressure. If there is any effect on your organs because of which high blood pressure has increased. For example, the changes in your kidney function due to ageing may upset the body’s natural balance of salts and fluid causing your body’s blood pressure to increase.

Treatment of BP

According to the type of hypertension you have and what causes have been identified help your doctor determine the best treatment option for you. Obviously, early detection and treatment are important for reducing your risk of lasting damage with constant aid. It includes both prescription medication and healthy lifestyle changes. It could lead to massive health issues of heart attack and stroke if not treated. 

 If your doctor diagnoses you with primary hypertension, lifestyle changes may reduce your high blood pressure along with medication. For secondary hypertension, if your doctor discovers an underlying issue causing your hypertension, treatment will focus on that condition. Despite treatment for the underlying cause hypertension persist in few cases. Treatment plans for hypertension often evolve. What worked at first might change later. Your doctor will continue to refine your treatment.

Medication for BP

  • Beta-blockers reduce the amount of blood pumped through your arteries with each beat, also blocks certain hormones that can raise your blood pressure.
  • Diuretics also called water pills enables kidneys to remove excess sodium from your body through urine helping to lower your blood pressure.
  • ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors prevent theCauses of High Blood Pressure & Hypertension BP body from producing as much of this chemical responsible for tightening of vessels and arteries and reduces blood pressure.
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) block angiotensin from binding with receptors. That helps relax vessels and lower blood pressure.
  • Calcium channel blockers block some of the calcium from entering the cardiac muscles of your heart. This leads to less forceful heartbeats and a lower blood pressure causing them to relax and further lowering blood pressure.
  • Alpha-2 agonists change the nerve impulses that cause blood vessels to tighten helping blood vessels to relax and reduce blood pressure.

Home remedies for reducing high blood pressure BP

Healthy diet

Lowering high blood pressure requires a heart-healthy diet. At the same time managing hypertension under control reduces the risk of complications. If you are obese, employing this heart-healthy diet and increased physical activity is utmost necessary. A heart-healthy diet emphasizes foods inclusive of fruits & vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins like fish.

Increased physical activity

Being more physically active decreases blood pressure and strengthens the cardiovascular system. Working out for 150 minutes each week is ideal.

Managing stress

Exercise is a great way to manage stress. These are all proven stress-reducing techniques combined with adequate sleep.

  • meditation
  • deep breathing
  • massage
  • muscle relaxation
  • yoga or tai chi

Addiction free lifestyle

If you’re a smoker, try to quit. Tobacco smoke damages the body’s tissues and hardens blood vessel walls. If you have an alcohol dependency, seek help to reduce the amount you drink or stop altogether. Alcohol raises blood pressure.

Pharmacovigilance Applying, Interview process & Tips How to Prepare

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Pharmacovigilance Applying, Interview process & Tips How to preparation

As you are looking to apply Pharmacovigilance  department we are here to help you Pharmacovigilance Applying, Interview process & Tips to prepare the Pharmacovigilance Interview. Many Multinational companies like Quintiles Accenture CTS cognizant are hiring candidates in bulk for Pharmacovigilance posts. If you are fresher and trying to enter to this Pharmacovigilance thing you are at the rite place.

Pharmacovigilance applying,interview process and tips to preparation:

Know About the Pharmacovigilance companies :

Pharmacovigilance Applying, Interview process & Tips How to preparation
Quintlies CTS Accenture 

About companay : Quintiles is the worlds largest Contract Research Organizaiton(CRO) where it mainly focuses on clinical trials phase 2-4.

Apply for Pharmacovigilance Interview & Exam

You have to apply through the officaial websites. Some times few people who work can post on some facebook groups about their companies recruitment. You can follow them. Never give any one bucks to get you to the interview or to crack the job. 

Attend the Pharmacovigilance Screening test & Interview

Written test:

English

Aptitude

Maths

Logical and reasoning 

Pharmacovigilance Interview

Pharmacovigilance Interview Phase 1

After the written test they will evaluate your papers in one or two hour. If you are qualified in the written test you will be having hr round where we can expect common hr questions like
1)tell me about yourself
2)why should i hire you?
3)why you want to join in our company?
4)what you know about our company?
Be confident while answering and prepare for these questions and practice before interview if this is your first interview. 90%they will send you for the next Technical round.

Pharmacovigilance Interview Phase 2

This is purely Technical. This is the last round where you will have more chances to eliminate but through proper preparation its easy to face.
mostly questions they ask:
1)Adverse events
2)Adverse effects
3)what is pharmacovigilance
4)what is the work we do in pharmacogivilance
5) is it important pharmacovigialnce
6)drug regulatory authorities
7)pharmacovigilance terminology,case studies.
8)some important drugs pharmacological and mechanism of action.

ALL THE BEST for your Pharmacovigilance Career and Interview. We are here to help out. Please comment if you have any doubts. Keep visiting us for more Pharmacovigilance Interview Question and answers articles. Help your friends by referring our site to crack pharma sucess.

Lupus: Is it a Threat to Women? – Lupus Symptoms Treatment Causes

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Lupus: Is it a Threat to Women? - Lupus Symptoms Treatment Causes

Lupus: Is it a Threat to Women?

 

What is Lupus?

Lupus is a serious disease often diagnosed in young women, between the ages of 15 and 44. But it is undeniable that it can affect anyone. A chronic autoimmune disease that can destroy any part of the body (skin, joints, and/or organs) is lupus. Any “Chronic” disease refers to the stages pertaining to symptoms that tend to last longer than six weeks or for many years. In lupus, there is a breakdown in the immune system, which is the part of the body that fights off viruses, bacteria, and germs (“foreign invaders,”). Our immune system is programmed to produce proteins called “antibodies” which protect the body from these invaders. When lupus controls the body, your immune system cannot recognize the distinction between these foreign invaders and your body’s healthy tissues.

Lupus: Is it a Threat to Women? - Lupus Symptoms Treatment CausesSo an autoimmunity forms creating auto-antibodies that damage and destroy healthy tissue (autoantibody means against self). As a result, these auto-antibodies cause inflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body.

Lupus Symptoms Treatment Causes

Around 16,000 numbers of new cases of lupus are reported annually across the country of US. The most common form of lupus is termed as Systemic lupus erythematosus which the most people mean when they say “lupus”. There are four different types of lupus that arises in confusing form. Let us learn more about each type below:

  1. Lupus nephritis is the inflammation of the kidneys affecting the body’s ability to filter waste from the blood. It can be so threatening that dialysis or kidney transplant may be needed.
  2. Inflammation of the nervous system and brain causes memory problems, confusion, headaches, and strokes.
  3. Inflammation in the brain’s blood vessels can cause high fevers, seizures, and behavioural changes.
  4. When there is the build-up of deposits on coronary artery walls hardening the arteries or coronary artery disease leads to a heart attack.

Symptoms Lupus

Fatigue– Lupus is identified with fatigue as one of their primary symptoms in 50-90% cases. The severe fatigue of lupus seems is caused by many factors including disease activity, anxiety disorders, sleep disturbances, vitamin D deficiency, and low levels of exercise. It’s clear from studies that fatigue can significantly impact patients’ quality of life, including lessening the ability to function at home and at work.

Malar Rash– 50% of people with lupus characterise with red “malar” rash or colour change that appear across the cheeks and bridge of the nose in the shape of a butterfly. They normally last from days to weeks with pain and itchiness. The area of face and ears, upper arms, shoulders, chest, & hands are vulnerable to rash while exposed to the sun. Sometimes, skin rashes often first develop or worsen after being out in the sun as lupus is sensitive to sunlight (called photosensitivity). The Appearance of the butterfly rash is also a sign of an oncoming disease flare.

Joint Pain and Swelling– 90% of people with lupus have arthritis which is defined as inflammation or swelling of the joint lining. The most common symptoms of arthritis are stiffness and aching occurring in the hands and wrists.  Symptoms of arthritis fluctuate from one joint to another. In the morning pain and stiffness tend to be worse. Patients also experience pain in the joints without swelling or tenderness, which is referred to as arthralgia.

Fever– Most patients of SLE go through unexplained fevers of temperature over 100°F (37.8°C). Physicians often recommend non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Diagnosis and Treatment

The cause of Lupus is unknown in which your immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake that can potentially damage many parts of the body. The disease symptoms mimic many other illnesses which are why it is known as “the great imitator”. Detecting the symptoms of lupus can be challenging as it may be unclear, or change over the course of the disease. Though effective treatments are available yet there is no known cure for lupus.

A doctor who is considering the possibility of lupus will look for signs of inflammation which include, pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function at a particular place in the body. He will review the following while evaluating a lupus diagnosis:

  1. Current symptoms.
  2. Laboratory test results.
  3. Your Medical history along with the history of your close family members (grandparents, parents, brothers and sisters, aunts, uncles, cousins).

Laboratory tests alone are not enough to say definite “yes” or “no” diagnosis because:

  • Test results diagnosing lupus can coincide because of some other illness or can even be seen in healthy people.
  • A test result may fluctuate time to time (be positive one time and negative another time.)
  • Different laboratories may produce different test results.

There is no specific test or a single diagnostic test for systemic lupus. The test commonly widespread is called the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test.  In fact, several laboratory tests are done to detect physical changes or conditions in your body that can occur with lupus. However, each test result adds more information to the picture your doctor is forming of your illness. Your physician may reach a lupus diagnosis if multiple diagnostic criteria are present simultaneously. If the symptoms are present gradually over time, the diagnosis will not be as obvious; however, further consultation with a rheumatologist may be needed.

Some key facts about lupus:

  • Lupus is non-contagious, not even through sexual contact.
  • Lupus is not malignant or related to cancer. As it is an autoimmune disease, some treatments for lupus may include immunosuppressant drugs that are also used in chemotherapy.
  • Lupus is not similar or related to HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus) or AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Both of these make the immune system underactive whereas, in lupus, the immune system is overactive.
  • Lupus can range from mild to life-threatening and doesn’t recover on its own without any treatment. With proper medical attention, lupus patients can lead disease-free life.
  • It is believed that 5 million people throughout the world have a form of lupus with at least 1.5 million Americans.
  • Lupus strikes mostly women of childbearing age. However, men, children, and young people develop lupus, too.
  • Women of colour are 2-3 times more likely to develop lupus than Caucasians. People belonging to all races and ethnic groups can develop lupus.

HPLC Interview Preparation for Pharmacy & MSc Students

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hplc-interview-preparation-for-pharmacy-science-msc-students

HPLC Interview Preparation for Pharmacy & Science Graduates

Have you graduated in pharmacy or science stream? Then either you must be searching for a job which gives good fetching and career growth or pursue higher studies specialization. Also, there are several corporations which offer you various job opportunities apart from your stream. Among the science and pharmacy graduates, one of the brightest fields is to opt for HPLC vacancies. High-performance liquid chromatographies (HPLC) have widespread use in Pharmaceutical Industrial and Analytical Field. In industries, the main purposes of employing HPLC are for identifying, quantifying and purifying the individual components of the mixture.

It is a chromatographic technique used to split a mixture of compounds and play an important and critical role in the fields of analytical chemistry, biochemistry and industrial. HPLC has a role of Open Access Journal too as it helps in drug formulations. Since it is used to test the products and to detect the raw ingredient used to make them i.e., qualitative and quantitative analysis there are stringent regulations established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Moreover, this obligates all pharmaceutical companies to detect the quality of their products by using the HPLC before allowing them to sell it in the global market.

Specific Benefits of Using HPLC

hplc-interview-preparation-for-pharmacy-science-msc-students

The most important benefit gained from the HPLC technique in the industrial and analytical field is that it helps in structure elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk drug materials and pharmaceutical formulations. These benefits gained by the utilization of HPLC are not only limited for the synthetic drugs and formulas but also include herbal medicine too. Therefore, in this regard, the open access journals shall encourage the researchers to work hard in order to clarify the importance of HPLC use in the industrial or analytical field is a very important point.

The industries look for young, dynamic and talented candidates who bring different ideas, skills and experiences to mix and ready to learn and dive into the organization. If you properly put your efforts in getting jobs of HPLC based industries then obviously you need to prepare for these interview questionnaire sessions.

 

Interview Q/A for HPLC

  1. What is the principle of HPLC?

Answer: When a mixture of compounds is passed through the HPLC column; it gets separate into its components before it exits from the column. Details on the principle of HPLC System are given on different websites. The basic principal of HPLC is the partitioning the analytes between the solid phase and the mobile phase.

  1. Why do we use HPLC?

Answer: Polar molecules in the mixture will therefore spend most of their time moving with the solvent. That means now it is the polar molecules that will travel through the column more quickly. Reversed phase HPLC is the most commonly used form of HPLC.

  1. What to Do When Back Pressure Increases?

Answer:

  • An increase in back-pressure usually suggests either a guard or analytical column problem. To find exactly where the problem lies we suggest you remove the guard column (if you are using one) and replace the old cartridge with a new one.
  • If the original pressure is restored, you solved the problem.
  • If the pressure remains high, disconnect the analytical column from the system, backflush it (do NOT connect the column to the detector while doing so) and run a few column volumes of your mobile phase through the column.
  • If the problem still persists you may have some strongly retained contaminants in your column coming from your previous injections.
  • Run the appropriate restoration procedures, as suggested by the column manufacturer, and retest the column.
  • If the initial pressure is not restored you may have to change the inlet frit or replace the column.
  • Always run your system (2 to 5 ml/min) without the guard column and the analytical column to verify that your pressure isn’t coming from another source, like a blocked in-line column prefilter, blocked/kinked tubing, particulates blocking your injector etc.
  • Always work your way from the detector back to the pump to isolate the problem.

  1. How Do I Determine The Void Volume In Hplc?

Answer: The void volume of a system is usually determined by injecting an unretained standard (Uracil in RP-HPLC) that has no or very little retention on a particular phase. Slight variations in this value are explained by the extra column dead volume of your specific system configuration and set-up.

Multiply the elution time of the unretained compound by the flow rate to get the actual void volume of the system and column. To determine the column void volume alone you would need to subtract the system void volume determined without the column attached.

  1. 5. Why Should I Use A Guard Column With My Analytical Or Preparative Column?

Answer:

  • A guard column is recommended to protect the analytical/preparative column from contamination from particulates from the injection, debris from worn pump seals/injector rotor seals or unfiltered mobile phases.
  • Filtration through a 0.22um to 0.45 um should be done in order to remove particles and help degas the mobile phase at the same time.
  • Solid Phase Extraction or Liquid Liquid Extraction also help produce a cleaner sample for direct injection.
  • Failure to use a guard column directly exposes the analytical or preparative column to contamination and therefore reduces its practical lifetime.
  • Care should be taken to use, whenever possible, the same material in the guard column as in the analytical/preparative column especially when doing method development.
  • Typical analytical guard columns are 1 or 2 cm long with either 2.0 (2.1) or 4.0 (4.6) mm depending on the column dimensions and 1cm long for 10mm, 21.2mm & 30mm column id.
  • Whether you opt for 1 or 2 cm long guard columns is tied to how harsh your mobile phase is and how messy your sample is. Ideally, in order to keep your chromatography and to avoid increasing the system pressure, you should use the shortest guard column available and use the same id as the column whenever available. Otherwise you should choose the closest smaller id guard column available.

  1. What Happens If My Sample Solvent Is Stronger Than My Mobile Phase?

Answer:

We do not recommend injecting in a stronger solvent because it usually results in peak distortion, broadening, poor sensitivity, and shortening of retention times.

This happens because some analytes will tend to travel too quickly through the column, instead of eluting in a symmetrical band.

If you absolutely must do this, keep the volume as small as possible and make sure the solvents are miscible.

  1. How Much Sample Can I Inject On My Lc Column?

Answer: Two different types are possible:

  • Mass overload (too much analyte injected on the column)
  • Volume overload (too much liquid injected on the column)

The chromatograms are somewhat different in these 2 situations.

In mass overload, the analyte molecules saturate the silica at the inlet end of the column which causes the excess molecules to move forward down the column without much interaction, reducing in turn the analyte retention time and showing a “shark fin” peak shape (fronting).

Volume overload occurs when the injected sample volume is large enough to carry analyte molecules through a significant proportion of the interstitial volume within the column and leads to shark fin type peaks as well and later elution times.

  1. What Size Threads Are On The End Fittings Of My Hplc Column?

Answer: Most fittings on your HPLC and UHPLC systems and columns have 10-32 threads. However, you will find that fittings and columns from Waters, Rheodyne and SSI (Lab Alliance) have different seating depths.

  1. What Is The Internal Diameter Of My Lc Tubing?

Answer: The internal diameter of HPLC grade stainless steel tubing is identified by the color coded band on the pre cut tubing while HPLC PEEK tubing is also colored according to its internal diameter.

Typical encountered colors used for 1.16” od HPLC tubing (color coded band for SS or solid color for PEEK) are:

  • Black = 0.004” ID
  • Red = 0.005” ID
  • Yellow = 0.007” ID
  • Blue/Tan = 0.010” ID
  • Orange = 0.020” ID
  • Green = 0.030” ID

Please note that these colors may differ depending on the manufacturer especially when it comes to HPLC stainless steel tubing. Please check with your tubing supplier/manufacturer to confirm tubing ID color coding. Please note that the HPLC stainless steel tubing comes in precut lengths as it is virtually impossible to produce smooth, clean, bur-free cuts without the manufacturer’s precise machinery tools. As for SS in HPLC, it also becomes extremely difficult to produce, in-house, bur-free, perfect cuts especially when using the narrower IDs (less than 0.005” ID).

  1. How Much Should I Change My Injection Volume If I Change The Size Of My Column?

Answer: Optimal injection volumes are directly related to the cylinder volume of your column and are, therefore, dependent on the cross sectional area (A=π r2) and length (L) of your column. Since that is the case, you can estimate any adjustment from an existing method for injection volume.

If you are converting to a different size ID (with packing material and length remaining the same), just multiply your current volume by the ratio of the radii squared to determine the correct volume for your new method. For example, if you are currently injecting 20 µL on a 150 x 4.6 mm column and then switch to a 150 x 3.0 mm column, you could estimate the adjusted volume by multiplying 20 x (1.52)/(2.32). Your new volume should be about 8.5 µL.

  1. How Do I Determine Total Column Volume Or Void Volume For Lc?

Answer: The term “column volume” usually refers to the void volume, which represents the volume of mobile phase that is between the silica particles. This area is referred to as the interstitial space. You can estimate void volume by multiplying the total column volume (pi x radius2 x length) by a factor that estimates the typical packing efficiency for a particular column type. For fully porous columns, the equation for void volume (in mL) is V = (0.68) pi r2 L, where V = column volume in mL, r = column radius in cm, and L = column length in cm. For superficially porous columns, such as our Raptor columns, the factor is different and the equation is V = (0.50) pi r2 L.

Void volume is more commonly estimated experimentally by injecting a standard containing an analyte that is known to have no, or negligible, retention on that particular column phase. A good example of this for reversed-phase HPLC is uracil. One should be aware that this estimation is also subject to extra column dead volume for the specific instrument that is being used, so it may vary slightly.

 

  1. Why Am I Seeing Bleed From My Biphenyl Column On My Uv But Not On My Mass Spec?

Answer: A small amount of phase bleed is inherent for all phases, including phenyl phases, and is somewhat dependent on the size and dimensions of the column. This bleed is usually negligible and does not affect retention times, but may be visible, particularly by UV detection. It can often be reduced after conditioning. Bleed may also be minimized by using an isocratic elution, a shallower gradient, and/or incorporating a gradient flush between runs.

  1. What Should I Use To Analyze Explosives (as Per Epa Method 8330b) By Hplc?

Answer: While no one LC column can provide baseline separation for all of these analytes combined, the Raptor Biphenyl and Raptor ARC-18 columns from Restek are an outstanding choice for primary and confirmation analysis. Fully porous HPLC particles, namely the Ultra C8 and Ultra Aromax columns, are also an option. Keep in mind that a variety of column phases may provide partial solutions for this method, but Restek has found these pairs to give optimal results.

  1. Is Special Conditioning Needed For The Raptor Biphenyl Column Prior To Its First Use, Or If It Has Been Sitting Idle?

Answer: For the most part, the Raptor Biphenyl column behaves just like any other reversed-phase column. However, in certain circumstances, longer equilibration times may be needed. Switching between organic solvents, such as acetonitrile and methanol, may require a 15-20 minute flush in high organic mobile phase.

 

  1. How Much Equilibration Time Is Required In Between Gradient Runs On A Raptor Biphenyl Column?

Answer: Whether you are using fully porous silica or SPP silica, some equilibration time is needed between runs if you are using a gradient and the amount of time is similar for both types of columns. Usually, the equivalent of 7 column (void) volumes is sufficient unless you are using an ion-pairing technique.

  1. 1 What Mobile Phase Solvents Are Compatible With Spp Or Raptor Columns?

Answer:

Any solvent that is commonly used for reversed-phase LC will work fine, including but not limited to water, methanol, and acetonitrile.

  1. Can I Pump Solvent Through The Raptor Biphenyl Column Backwards To Clean It?

Answer: Similar to UHPLC columns, it is not recommended to reverse the flow for these columns. However, you can still pump through a series of solvents, as long as they are miscible.

  1. 18. How Much Can I Inject Onto A Raptor Column?

Answer: Injection volume depends on a number of factors including column dimensions, sample solvents, and analysis requirements. As is always a good practice with chromatography, try to inject as little as possible and in the same or weaker solvent than your mobile phase.

  1. How Do Raptor Arc-18 Columns Differ From Ordinary C18s?

Answer: The significant difference is the ruggedness of the bonded phase. With the ARC-18, any residual silanol groups are shielded and made inert through steric protection. The result is a wider operating pH range of 1.0–8.0. The ARC-18 is particularly useful between a pH of 1.0 and 3.0, where other C18 column phases may begin to degrade under these harsh conditions. Like the Raptor Biphenyl column, the stationary phase is bonded to superficially porous silica particles (SPP).

 

  1. How Well Does The Raptor Arc-18 Column Work For Acids And Bases?

Answer: The ARC-18 provides added retention for charged bases and, in many cases, is preferred over a conventional end-capped C18. For neutral acids, it works well and is preferred over end-capped C18 phases, particularly at pH < 3. The ARC-18 also works for neutral bases and charged acids, but provides more advantages and performs best at the lower pH ranges.

  1. Can The Raptor Arc-18 Column Be Used With 100% Aqueous Mobile Phases?

Answer: No. We recommend using the Raptor ARC-18 column with at least 5% organic in the mobile phase. For applications requiring higher aqueous content, we suggest the Ultra Aqueous C18 or Pinnacle DB Aqueous C18 columns.

  1. How Do We Know That The Raptor Columns Are Rugged?

Answer:

We use frits that are less prone to clogging from sample matrices, and the column packing is less likely to be damaged by higher pressures that might develop. Added protection of a guard column is also available and recommended to extend the life of the column further.

 

  1. Which Fittings Can Be Used For Uhplc?

Answer: You can either use the stainless steel fittings that are like the ones that come with your UHPLC system or you can use EXP fittings. The EXP fittings can be used up to 20,000 psi when tightened with a wrench. In any case, always make sure you are using a fitting with zero dead volume so that the high efficiency provided by UHPLC is not compromised by extra dead volume.

 

  1. How Do I Tighten My Fittings?

Answer: Our polymer-based universal connectors and PEEK union connectors only need to be hand-tightened, whereas any of the stainless steel fittings need to be wrench-tighten.

The EXP fittings can be used either way: They are hand-tightened for use up to 8,700 psi or wrench-tightened for use up to 20,000 psi. Note that over-tightening causes galling and will destroy the threads. Fittings that need to be wrench-tightened generally require ¼-turn past hand tight to achieve a leak-tight seal. Unfortunately, there is no universal torque setting.

  1. What Injection Solvent Should I Use For Hilic Separations?

Answer: The injection solvent should be as close of a match as possible to the initial mobile phase conditions, which are high in organic content for HILIC separations. By matching the injection solvent to the initial mobile phase conditions, you get better peak shape, increased retention, and higher sensitivity.

  1. What Kind Of Ph Effects Do I Have To Be Aware Of With Hilic Separations?

Answer: The effect of pH on analyte charge state varies based on each compound’s pKa, to pH effects must be evaluated carefully during method development. With HILIC methods, the high concentration of organic solvent in the mobile phase raises the pH, and the actual eluent pH can be 1–1.5 units higher than in the aqueous portion alone. The charge state of the column itself can also be affected.

For example: in a Raptor HILIC-Si column, the bare silica has a pKa between 3.8 and 4.5, so the mobile phase pH changes the charge of the silica surface, making it neutral in very acidic conditions and ionized (negatively charged) as the pH begins to approach 3.8 and above. For this reason, if your analyte has one or more protonated amine or quaternary amine groups, it’s a good candidate for analysis on a Raptor HILIC-Si column.

  1. Can I Use Buffers For Hilic Separations? What Kind and What Concentration?

Answer: Many HILIC separations use a mass spectrometer for the detector, so volatile buffers like ammonium formate and ammonium acetate are very common. However, the high organic content of the mobile phase can cause buffer salts to precipitate, which can lead to downtime for instrument maintenance. In addition, high buffer concentrations can impact chromatography by reducing analyte retention.

To avoid these effects, method optimization is required and 10 mM is a good starting point for buffer concentration. Both the A and B mobile phases should be buffered equally in order to keep the ionic strength constant during a gradient for the most consistent MS detector response. Check with your MS vendor for the maximum buffer concentration they recommend for your ESI source.

  1. What Should I Use To Analyze Explosives (as Per Epa Method 8330b) By Hplc?

Answer: While no one LC column can provide baseline separation for all of these analytes combined, the Raptor Biphenyl and Raptor ARC-18 columns from Restek are an outstanding choice for primary and confirmation analysis. Fully porous HPLC particles, namely the Ultra C8 and Ultra Aromax columns, are also an option. Keep in mind that a variety of column phases may provide partial solutions for this method, but Restek has found these pairs to give optimal results.

30.Can I Get A Sharper Peak By Injecting My Sample In A Weaker Injection Solvent?

Answer:

  • In this scenario, the sample is initially concentrated onto the head of the column and moves through the column in a tight band.
  • This technique is sometimes used to minimize band broadening for a larger volume sample injection.
  • Keep in mind that your sample components must be soluble in the mobile phase as well, in order for this to work.

Choosing Career after D. Pharmacy -After D Pharm???? What to do After D Pharmacy????

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Choosing Career after D. Pharmacy After D Pharm?? What to do After D Pharmacy?

Choosing Career after D. Pharmacy:Wondering what to do after D. Pharmacy? Undoubtedly it is essential for students to think about their next plan on completion of the pursued course. Likewise, the D. Pharm candidates after diploma in Pharmacy may opt for graduation courses, job prospects or a proprietorship depending on their will. Also, they have a huge career scope in both government and private organizations. One has to choose an option which matches their interest and skills as it will help them to achieve a long-term career goal. Today we are going to provide the careers available for the D. Pharm pass-outs.

Next level courses

  • Bachelor of Pharmacy, Bachelor of Pharmacy in Pharmacology or Bachelor of Ayurvedic Pharmacy.
  • One can go for Diploma in Manufacturing / Production or Doctor of Pharmacy. If you like to contribute to a hospital then you need to earn the qualification of ‘Doctor of Pharmacy’.
  • Courses are available in specialized fields such as Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Cardiovascular Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Infectious Disease Pharmacy, Oncology Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy Pharmacy, and Nuclear Pharmacy

Choosing Career after D. Pharmacy After D Pharm?? What to do After D Pharmacy?

Private Sector Jobs

Regarding the job prospects after obtaining degree or diploma in pharmacy, you can apply in pharmaceutical companies. In the country, there are a lot of companies in the pharmaceutical sector which provides job opportunities to the D. Pharm candidates. The work opportunities in the private firms are as follows:

  • Medical Transcriptionist
  • Technical supervisor
  • Chemist / Pharmacist
  • Quality analyst
  • Medical representatives
  • Production executive
  • Scientific Officer.

Government Sector Jobs

Apart from the private sector companies, there are also many government companies offering jobs to the diploma holders in Pharmacy. You can apply for pharmacist post in hospitals, start working in the government department, work in research and development team, and work in the teaching field.

Government sector companies in various parts of the country are

  • Indian Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd
  • Projects & Development India Ltd
  • Rajasthan Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd
  • Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd
  • Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd
  • Hindustan Fluorocarbons Limited
  • Indian Medicines & Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd
  • Karnataka Antibiotics & Pharmaceuticals Ltd
  • Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Ltd
  • Bharat Immunologicals & Biologicals Corporation Ltd

Foreign countries provide a good scope in various Chemicals and Pharmaceutical companies. One may expect much higher pay scale compared to India on securing a job abroad.  The candidates become a registered pharmacist. One may set up pharmacy/chemists and druggists shop after registering with the state Pharmacy Council to stock, sell and dispense medicines according to doctor’s prescription.

The bottom-line is that it all depends on your stream of interest if you want to work in the Industry or go for ‘Bachelors course’. It is advisable to do full research before the next step. It’s your future; it’s all in your hands.

B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR BOOKS LIST – SUBJECT NOTES BOOKS PDF

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B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR BOOKS LIST – SUBJECT NOTES BOOKS PDF

Hello readers today we are providing the list of books that are needed for the Pharmacy second year students. Are you just tried in search of finding the Second year Pharmacy books then you are up to the right place. We will provide you the correct information here and you can know all the information that you want about the books for 2nd year of pharmacy I mean 3rd and 4th semester of B pharmacy here. In the second year course of the Pharmacy students, there are two semesters. A semester is a 6 months course and the year is divided into two semesters. Students will have the books and syllabus to be followed for a particular semester in the year.

Do you know What are the subjects of B.Pharma third semester? B.pharmacy  third semester subjects are Pharamaceutics, Pharamaceutical inorganic chemistry,physics.computer programming mathematics and graphics,mathematics and statistics then your having four lab

Pharmaceutics Second year books list

The Science And Practice Of Pharmacy
Remington

1 Theory & Practice Of
Industrial Pharmacy
L. Lachman,
Herbert
A.Lieberman & J.
Kanig
3rd, 1987 Lea & Febiger,
Philadelphia
2 Pharmaceutical Dosage
Form: Dispersed Systems
(Vol.1 &2 )
Herbert A.
Lieberman, Martin
A.Rieger,G.S.Bank
er
2nd, 1993 Marcel Dekker Inc.
3 Modern Pharmaceutics Gilbert S.Banker,
C.T. Rhodes
2nd, 1990 Marcel Dekker Inc.
4 Cooper & Gunn’s
Dispensing For
Pharmaceutical Students
Revised By
S.J.Carter
12th, 1987 Cbs Publishers &
Distributers
5 Pharmaceutics: The
Science Of Dosage Form
Design
Michael E.Aulton 2nd , 1998 Churchill-Livingstone

Preperative Pharmacy

Second year b-Pharm Organic chemistry Text boks

Adv.Org. Chemistry
Carey 4th Edition,
2000
Plenum Press NY
2 Organic Chemistry
Morrison, R. T 6 th Edition,
2006
Pearson Education
3 Organic Chemistry
Finar 6 th Edition,
1973
Longman Group Ltd
4 Organic Reaction
Mechanism
M. Gomer
Gallego
2004 Springer Privt. Ltd.
5 Organometalics Elschenbroich 3 rd , 2005 Willey-VCH Verlag & Co.
6 Lehninger:
Principles of
Biochemistry.
David Nelson,
Michael Cox
4th Edition,
2005
W. H. Freeman and Company, New
Y

Hospital and community pharmacy

-Organic chemistry

B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR BOOKS LIST – SUBJECT NOTES BOOKS PDF
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY Anu Chaudhary

 Pathophysiology Reference Text Books for B Pharmacy Second Year Students

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHO PHYSIOLOGY -I Dvivedi & Dvivedi
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Goodman and Gilman,

 Textbook Of Medical Laboratory Technology
Praful B. Godkar 2nd 2006 Bhalani Publishing House,
Mumbai
 A Textbook Of Practical Physiology
V.G. Ranade,
P.N. Joshi And
Shalini Pradhan
3rd 1982 P.V.G. Prakashan, P

Analytical pharmacognosy.

PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Pharmacognosy
Khandelwal

 

B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR SUBJECT STUDY BOOKS: B. Pharmacy is a course of 4 years so every year you will have to study different subjects of Pharmacy along with the experiments in laboratories. Therefore, one has to get through all the 8 semesters to become a B. Pharm graduate. It will include subjects from multiple disciplines of study and will make you a technically sound and qualified person in the field of Life Sciences. Though the syllabus is quite lengthy but studying Pharmacy is not a big deal if one has the interest and patience to cover the course. Rather one should focus on to get career opportunities ahead or higher studies after the course completion. The B. Pharmacy students those have passed the first year of the course are eligible to study the second year and for that, they would need the subject books and notes. Also, the lateral entry candidates are absorbed from second year itself. The Second year of B. Pharmacy curriculum consists of two semesters each of roughly six months. The third semester contains 4 subjects of theory and practical papers while the fourth semester contains 5 subjects of theory with 4 practical papers according to the Pharmacy Council of India. The professors of the institutes help the students with their handmade notes but without proper books and other materials, it is impossible to complete the course successfully. Sometimes the books are available at the college library still if anyone wants to collect books externally they can buy or download the e-version of the books to fulfill their requirement. If you are seeking help for the reference books for the second year of B. Pharmacy then this is the place where you can get a complete list of the books that you can refer for your studies. Moreover, the students who are sincere enough they automatically collect the study materials to score well in these 4 years tenure. Prepare well yourself right from the first and aim high!
Here we have compiled the list of subject books of B. Pharmacy second year with their author names that are available in hard copies.

B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR SUBJECT STUDY BOOKS

SEMESTER-III SUBJECT BOOKS

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTCRY

Recommended Books:
1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume I
3. Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl & Arun Bahl.
4. Organic Chemistry by P.L.Soni
5. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.
6. Vogel’s text book of Practical Organic Chemistry
7. Advanced Practical organic chemistry by N.K.Vishnoi.
8. Introduction to Organic Laboratory techniques by Pavia, Lampman and Kriz.
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I
Recommended Books:
1. Physical pharmacy by Alfred Martin
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea &Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3, MarcelDekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C and Manavalan R.
8. Laboratory manual of Physical Pharmaceutics, C.V.S. Subramanyam, J. Thimmasettee

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to chemical engineering –Walter L Badger & Julius Banchero, Latest edition.
2. Solid phase extraction, Principles, techniques and applications by Nigel J.K. Simpson -Latest edition.
3. Unit operation of chemical engineering –Mcabe Smith, Latest edition.
4. Pharmaceutical engineering principles and practices –C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
5. Remington practice of pharmacy- Martin, Latest edition.
6. Theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachmann., Latest edition.
7. Physical pharmaceutics-C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
8. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial pharmacy, S.J. Carter, Latest edition.

PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to chemical engineering –Walter L Badger & Julius Banchero, Latest edition.
2. Solid phase extraction, Principles, techniques and applications by Nigel J.K. Simpson- Latest edition.
3. Unit operation of chemical engineering –Mcabe Smith, Latest edition.
4. Pharmaceutical engineering principles and practices –C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
5. Remington practice of pharmacy- Martin, Latest edition.
6. Theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachmann., Latest edition.
7. Physical pharmaceutics- C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
8. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial pharmacy, S.J. Carter, Latest edition.

SEMESTER-IV SUBJECT BOOKS

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III

Recommended Books:
1. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
2. A text book of Organic Chemistry –Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY –I

Recommended Books:
1. Wilson and Giswold’s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
3. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
4. Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and Williams.
5. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
6. Martindale’s extra pharmacopoeia.
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia
10. Text book of practical organic chemistry -A.I.Vogel

PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II

Recommended Books:
1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume
-1 to 3, Marcel Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C and Manavalan R.

PHARMACOLOGY-I

Recommended Books PHARMACOLOGY-I Pharm B second Year

:
1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
3. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A.
K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
6. K.D.Tripath, Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,
9. Ghosh MN, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan,

PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY- I

Recommended Books PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY- I

:
1. W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co., London, 2009.
2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
3. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
5. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New
Delhi.
7. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New
Delhi, 2007
8. Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
9. Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar

Pharmaceutical Chemistry B Pharmacy Second Year Notes || D Pharmacy Material PDF

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Pharmaceutical Chemistry B Pharmacy Second Year Notes || D Pharmacy Material PDF

What are Local anaesthetics?
Local anaesthetics – Local anesthetics are drugs which produce insensitivity in a limited area around the site of application or injection of the drug by preventing generation and conduction of impulses along nerve fibers and nerve ending and the effects are reversible.
 What are Anthelmintics 
Anthelmintics – The drugs which are used to kill or remove the parasitic worms, the term anthelmintic should not be restricted just to drugs acting locally to expel worms from the g.i.t. Various types of worms are able to penetrate tissues, & the drugs used to act against systemic infections should be included also under the general term anthelmintic.
 What are anticoagulants?
Anticoagulants – An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting & anticoagulants are given to people to stop thrombosis (blood clotting inappropriately in the blood vessels).
 

What are Diagnostic agents?
Diagnostic agents – These are the agents or chemicals used to detect abnormalities in tissues & organs or to test an organ function, these are thus useful for the clinical diagnosis of the diseases & these agents do not usually have any medicinal values or pharmacological effect.
 

What are sympathomimetics?

Sympathomimetics – Drugs that mimic the actions obtained as a result of stimulation of the sympathetic or adrenergic nerves are called Sympathomimetics.

OR

The drugs that produce pharmacological effects like adrenaline or nor adrenaline or drugs which bring about stimulation of adrenergic nerves are called Sympathomimetics.

Diuretics – Drugs which promote excretion of water & electrolytes from body through kidneys in the form of urine are called diuretics.

Define antimalarials, Classify them with suitable examples and give the structure of

d)

Pyrimethamine.

Anti-malarial drugs: – The drugs which are used in the treatment of malaria caused due

definition

to Plasmodium Species like Plasmodium Vivax, P. falcifrum, P.malariae, P. ovale are called as Anti-malarial drugs.

Classification:

Quinine salts e.g. Quinine sulphate, Quinine phosphate, Quinine dihydrochloride.

8-Aminoquinolines e.g. Pentaquine, Isopentaquine, Pamaquine, Primaquine.

4-Aminoquinolines e.g. Chloroquine , Amodiaquine.

9-Aminoacridines e.g. Quinacrine, Mepacrine.

Biguanides e.g. Proguanil, Cycloguanil

e.g. pyrimethamine.

Artemisinin & its derivatives.

Miscellaneous: – They are further classified as mentioned below

Sulfones & sulfonamides.

Antibiotics

Write physiological actions of histamine. Classify antihistaminics with examples.

Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.

Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.

marks classification

1mark str.

marks physiological actions,

marks classification

Physiological actions of histamine on various organs:

Blood vessels: Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels

Smooth muscle: It causes contraction of smooth muscle (Contraction of bronchi)

Excretory glands: Histamine has stimulant action on excretory glands. It increases nasal, lachrymal and bronchial secretion.

Acid secretion: Histamine increases acid secretion in stomach which causes peptic ulcer

Oedema: Excess secretion of histamine causes accumulation
of fluid and water in the body.

Allergy: It plays an important role in human allergy and allergic reactions.

Classification of antihistaminics:

H1 blockers or H1 antagonist:

Aminoalkylethers/Ethanolamines e.g. Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine

Ethylenediamine e.g.Mepyramine, Tripelennamine, Pyrilamine

Alkylamines/Propylamines e.g. Pheniramine, Chlorpheniramine, Triprolidine d)Phenothiazine derivatives e.g. Promethazine, Trimeprazine

Piperazine derivatives. e.g Meclizine, Cyclizine, Chlorcyclizine

Dibenzocycloheptenes: Cyproheptadine, Azatadine

Second generation antihistaminics: e.g. Cetrizine, Levocetrizine, Fexofenadine, Terfenadine

H2 Blockers or H2 receptor antagonist e.g. Ranitidine, Cimetidine, Famotidine
An inhibitor of histamine release e.g.Sodium Cromoglycate

Define vitamins. Write the important uses of vit. A, Nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid. 1 mark each.
 

Vitamins may be defined as potent organic substances which are essential for normal growth and maintenance of life of human and animals, which are not able to synthesize in adequate quantity.

Uses of Niacin or Nicotinic acid-

It is used for preventing vitamin B3 deficiency and related conditions such as pellagra.
 

Biochemically active form of Nicotinic acid is NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and its phosphate (NADP). These two coenzymes are required in protein and amino acid metabolism and electron transfer reaction in respiratory chain.
It causes peripheral vasodilation
 

Large dose of nicotinic acid decreases serum cholesterol level.

Uses of Vitamin A-

It is used for treating vitamin A deficiency.

Prevention and treatment of Night blindness, Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia.
 

A is important for growth, development and maintenance of immune system.
 

Some people use vitamin A for improving vision and treating eye disorders including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and

Vitamin A is also used for skin conditions including acne, eczema, psoriasis, cold sores, wounds, burns, sunburn.

Uses of Ascorbic acid-

In general this drug is used for the prevention and treatment of scurvy. This condition is caused by a lack of vitamin C often due to a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables. Symptoms of scurvy include a general feeling of being unwell, tiredness, muscle and joint pain, bleeding into the skin, around bones, into joints and from the gums, and loose teeth.
Ascorbic acid is involved in many redox reactions

(ii) Pethidine

Uses of Pethidine-

Analgesic activity: It is used in the treatment of severe pain like labor pain.
 

Spasmolytic agent: Pethidine is useful in the treatment of spasm of intestine, urinary bladder
 

Used as a substitute for morphine for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pains.
 

Used in combination with chlorpromazine & promethazine to produce narcosis.
 

It also produces mild euphoria.

h)

Give storage conditions for

Heparin
 

The aqueous solution is stable for at least 7 years at pH 7 to 8.

It is stored in sealed, sterile container so as to exclude microorganism and moisture.

Cyclopropane
 

It is stored in metal cylinder designed to hold compressed gases and kept in a cool room free from inflammable material.

The whole cylinder is painted orange. The shoulder should be stenciled with name or symbol “C3H6”. The name or symbol should be clearly stamped on the cylinder valve.

d) Write the difference between general anaesthetics and local anaesthetics. Give the

structure and chemical name of procaine.

2 marks for

Structure of procaine

differences

O

H2N                                                  C          O                                           C2H5

N

C2H5

Chemical name – 4-amino-(2-diethyl amino ethyl) benzoate or 2-(Diethyl amino)

ethyl-4-amino benzoate.

Distinguish between general anaesthetics and local anaesthetics

GENERAL ANAESTHETICS LOCAL ANAESTHETICS

1. General anaesthetics are the agents which It may be defined as any substance
bring about loss of all modalities of sensation, applied topically or by localized
particularly pain, along with a reversible loss
injection or infiltration to dull or block
of consciousness.

. pain sensation.

2. General anesthesia is induced either by Local anesthesia is induced by topical
inhalation of volatile & gaseous anesthetics application of drugs to skin or mucous
like diethyl ether, halothane or parenteral membrane (surface anesthesia) or by
administration of intravenous anesthetics injection into area subjected to surgical
like thiopentone sodium. operation (infiltration anaesthesia) or

injection into dual membrane of spinal

cord (spinal anesthesia)

3. General anaesthesia is produced before Local Anaesthesia is produced in short
carrying out surgical operation or in surgical procedures & in dentistry.
obstetrics.

4.Care of Vital organs essential Care of Vital organs is not essential

 E.g. halothane ,cycloprapane etc. E.g. procaine, lignocaine, benzocaine

Define and classify antihypertensive drugs.

Any agent used for reducing elevated blood pressure is known as antihypertensive agent or hypotensive agent.

Antihypertensive agents can be classified as follows below:-

Centrally acting agents: e.g. α-methyldopa, clonidine

Ganglion blockers : e.g. Pentolinium, Mecamylamine

Adrenergic neuron blockers e.g. Reserpine, Guanethidine

β-adrenergic blockers e.g. Propranalol, Atenolol

α-adrenergic blockers e.g. Prazosin, Tolazoline

Direct-acting vasodilators e.g. Hydralazine, Minoxidil

Calcium channel blockers eg. Verapamil

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) e.g.Captopril, enalapril maleate.

mark definition

marks classification

3. Attempt any THREE of the following:

Write the general uses of diuretics. Give the structure and brand names of frusemide.
 

General uses of Diuretics:-

Diuretics are used to treat several conditions in medicine. Following are the conditions where diuretics are used

Hypertension or high blood pressure, Acute left ventricular failure or heart failure

Most types of oedema (renal oedema, oedema of pregnancy) or fluid accumulation

Acute renal failure and treatment of kidney stones

To excrete toxins and toxic metabolites out of the body.

To decreases intraocular pressure in glaucoma.

Treatment of hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia

Frusemide: Lasix, Fru, Frusenex, Tebemid etc.

Structure of frusemide:-

Define and classify NSAIDs.

b)

NSAIDs is an abbreviation for a group of agents called Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.

De

A. Nonselective COX inhibitors (conventional NSAIDs)

Salicylates: Aspirin, Diflunisal

Para Amino Phenol Derivatives- Phenacetin, Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

Pyrazolone derivatives: Phenylbutazone, Oxyphenbutazone

Indole derivatives: Indomethacin, Sulindac

Propionic acid derivatives: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen

Anthranilic acid derivatives: Mephenamic acid
Aryl‐acetic acid derivatives: Diclofenac.

Oxicam derivatives: Piroxicam
Pyrrolo‐pyrrole derivative: Ketorolac
Preferential COX‐2 inhibitors: Nimesulide, Meloxicam, Nabumetone

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors: Celecoxib, Rofecoxib, Valdecoxib

Write any one important use of Indigo carmine, Evans blue, Fluorescein Sodium and Congo red.
 

Uses of Indigo carmine

It is administered intravenously to test renal function (by estimating the rate of excretion in urine) & to locate the uretheral orifices.
 

In the lab it is used as coloring agents.

Uses of Evans blue

Evans Blue is a di-azo compound used to determine blood volume in humans and animals.
 

The dye combines firmly with plasma albumin when injected into the blood stream and leaves the circulation very slowly.

Marks classification

1 Mark each

Page 17 of 32

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonoalium, Placidox, Anaxol, Quietal, Diazewok, Zepose, Microdep

.

What    is    epilepsy?     Classify    anticonvulsants     and    write    the    structure     of

 

Epilepsy is a disease which arises due to the disorders of control nervous system. This disease is characterized by somewhat more or less frequent recurrence of seizures in

which there occur convulsions or other abnormal body movements, which are accompanied by loss or disturbance in consciousness. Anticonvulsants are classified as:

Barbiturates: – Barbitone sodium, Phenobarbitone, Methyl phenobarbitone.

Hydantoins :- Phenytoin, Mephenytoin

Oxazolidinediones :-Trimethadione, Paramethadione

Succinimides :- Ethosuximide, Phensuximide

Benzodiazepines: Diazepam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam, Nitrazepam

Miscellaneous :- Primidone, Carbamazepine, Valproic acid, Phenacemide, Pregabalin, Gabapentin

Phenobarbitone Structure

Define and classify narcotic analgesic drugs.
 

Narcotic analgesics are derivatives of opium, semi synthetic or synthetic agents having potent analgesic & narcotic activity and effective for the treatment of severe pain. Classification of Narcotic analgesics

Narcotic analgesic are classified as:-

Morphine and related compounds (Natural alkaloids of opium) e.g. Morphine, Codeine.

Semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine- Heroin, Brown Sugar
Marks Classification 1Mark str.

Mark definition

Marks classify.

Synthetic Agents- Methadone, Pethidine, Dextropropoxyphen hydrochloride

Page

What do you know about sex hormones? Give the uses of Progesterone and Cortisone.
 

Sex hormones are the hormones which are produced mainly in gonads, ovaries or testes. They influence the development and maintenance of the structures directly and indirectly associated with reproduction. Three main types of sex hormones are

Androgenic or anabolic steroids :-

The androgens are mainly able to maintain the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characters, thereby increasing virility and libido.

Oestrogens :- Oestrogens influence development and maintenance of secondary female sex characters. They are also essential for maintenance of pregnancy. They also exert anabolic effect on protein metabolism & water retention.

Progestogens.:-

Progestogens are necessary for various changes takes place in uterus & vagina during menstrual cycle, for developing mammary tissue and for maintain pregnancy.

Uses of Progesterone:

It is used as a hormonal replacement therapy in deficiency of progesterone.
 

It is used in treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
 

It is also used along with estrogen in menstrual disorders, premenstrual tension
 

It is used in treatment of neoplasm of breast and endometriosis.
 

It has also been incorporated into an intra-uterine device for female contraception.
 

Treatment of habitual abortion.
 

Maintenance of pregnancy if it occurs.

Uses of Cortisone:

Anti-inflammatory action: Cortisone is a steroid that prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation.
 

Cortisone is used to treat many different conditions such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, or breathing disorders.

1 Mark sex hormones,

1.5 Marks to uses of each drug

Subject Title: Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I I Subject Code:

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
 

Treatment of lung infection
 

Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis
 

It has immune suppressant action hence used in organ transplantation and autoimmune disorder.
 

Treatment of Addison’s disease.
 

Write the structure and uses of
 

Atropine

Atropine Uses:

Atropine has antispasmodic action on smooth muscles, hence used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and for the relief of renal and biliary colics.
Useful in symptomatic treatment of Parkinsonism.
 

It is one of the components of pre-anaesthetic medication, where it is given to reduce salivary and bronchial secretions and to diminish the risk of vagal inhibition of the heart.
 

It is used by ophthalmologist for its mydriatic effects.
 

Treatment of hyperhidrosis (Abnormal increased sweating)

1Mark Str.

1Mark use.

Propranolol

Propranolol Uses:

Treatment of various cardiac diseases like Cardiac arrhythmia, Arterial hypertension,
 

Angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, coronary atherosclerosis, tacycardia
 

Treatment of Pheochromocytoma (cancer of adrenal glands)
 

Treatment of glaucoma

5. Attempt any THREE of the following.

Write structure, chemical name uses and brand names of Paracetamol

a)

Structure

Chemical name: p-hydroxy acetanilide OR 4-hydroxy acetanilide OR 4-Acetylaminophenol

Uses:

Antipyretic
 

Analgesics for relief of pain such as headache, toothache, neuralgia, rheumatism.

Brand names- Tylenol, Calpol, panadol, crocin, metacin, valadol, paldesic, Dolo

Define antiseptics and disinfectants. Classify them with examples

b)

Def:  Antiseptic and disinfectants are the chemical agents which are employed to destroy

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

or inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganism. Antiseptics are applied on living tissues while disinfectants are used on inanimates or non living objects.

CLASSIFICATION

1) Alcohols & Aldehydes

E.g. Ethyl Alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol,  Formaldehyde

2) Halogen Compounds.

E.g. Chloramine T, Chorhexidine Acetate, Dibromopropamidine Isothionate.

3) Phenols & Related Compounds

E .g. Phenol, Chlorocresol, Chloroxylenol, Cresol, Hexachlorophene, Thymol.

4) Mercury Compounds.

E.g. , Thiomersal, Mercuric chloride

5) Dyes.

E.g. Proflavine Hemisulphate, Acriflavine, Brilliant Green, Crystal Violet (Gentian Violet), Methylene Blue.

6) Surface Active Agents

E.g. Benzalkonium Chloride, Cetrimide, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Domiphen Bromide,

7) Miscellaneous Agents.

E.g.   Dequalinum Sulphate, Nitrofurazone.

Give structure, chemical name and uses of D.E.C.

Structure

M classification

2 M structure

1 M chemical name

1M uses

Page

Chemical name: 7-Chloro-4-[4’-(diethylamino)-1-methyl butyl] amino quinoline

Dosage forms:

Chlroquine Phosphate Injection

Chlroquine Phosphate Tablets

Chlroquine Syrup

Chroquine Sulphate Injection

Chroquine Sulphate tablet

Brand Names: Cadiquin, Cloquin, Emquin, Lariago, Aralen, Avioclor, Quinross, Resochin, Nivaquine

Attempt any THREE of the following:
 

What are anti-amoebic agents? Classify them with suitable examples.

Anti-amoebic agents: The drugs which are used in the treatment of amoebic infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica are called as antiamoebic drugs.
 

Classification of antiamoebic drugs:

Drugs of natural origin: g. emetin
 

Synthetic drugs:
 

Quinoline derivative e.g. Chloroquine

Halogenated-8-hydroxyquinoline derivative e.g. quinidochlor, Diiodohydroxyquinoline

Nitro-imidazole derivative e.g. Metronidazole, Tinidazole

rks

M definition

M classification

Page 27 of 32

Antibiotic: e.g. Paramomycin, Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxythromycin

Organic arsenicals: e.g. carbarsone

Miscellaneous e.g Diloxanide furoate

Explain the process of blood coagulation. Write the structure and chemical name of

 
Process of blood coagulation:

Thrombin and several clotting factors present in plasma and calcium ions are involved in the coagulation. Process of blood coagulation can be described as follows.
 

Whenever there is an injury to a blood vessel, there is formation of rough surface. When blood platelets come in contact with such a rough surface, they are injured.
 

Due to injury, they release the substance called thromboplastin. In the presence of thromboplastin and calcium in the blood plasma prothrombin is converted into thrombin which helps in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
 

The fibrin is insoluble and forms threads. The threads of fibrin form a net. In the holes of this net, blood cells are entangled. This mass then contracts to form a blood clot.

i) Indomethacine

Pharmaceutical Chemistry B Pharmacy Second Year Notes || D Pharmacy Material PDF
Uses:

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic in rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment of spondylitis, osteoarthritis and in gout

Treatment of dysmenorrhea and migraine.

Uses:

To relieve bronchial spasm in acute attacks of asthma.

It is used to increase blood pressure in treatment of hypotension.

Intra venous administration of Adrenaline is used to treat acute circulary collapse or cardiac arrest.

Treatment of allergic disorder.

Treatment of superficial bleeding due to its vasoconstriction effect.

Added to local anesthetic to prolong the duration of effect.

It has mydriatic effect.
 

Define and classify cholinergic drugs. Write the uses of Acetylcholine Definition:
 

The agents that mimic the action of acetylcholine or produce the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation are called as cholinergic drugs or parasympathomimetic agents.

Classification:

Choline esters: Acetylcholine, Methacholine, Carbachol

Cholinomimetic alkaloids: Muscarine, Pilocarpine, Arecholine

Cholinesterase inhibitors (Indirectly acting)

Reversible Inhibitors- Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine

Irreversible Inhibitors- Organophosphates (Parathion, Malathion), Insecticides.

Uses of Acetylcholine:

It reduces intraocular pressure in glaucoma

In the relief of atony of gut and urinary bladder

D Pharmacy Course Admission Process Eligibility Entrance Exam & Subjects

by
D Pharmacy Course Admission Process Eligibility Entrance Exam

D Pharmacy Course Admission:

Pharmacy is the heterogeneous mixture of clinical and industrial subjects related to health sciences. It is the profession responsible for the preparation, dispensing and appropriate use of medication providing services to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes. As we know that a successful completion of D. Pharm program is necessary for someone to step into the place of a pharmacist. A pharmacist’s job role is to explain the mode and precautions regarding the use of medicines dispensed in a hospital-pharmacy; prepare special formulations normally not available in the market. They also assist the physician in rendering necessary information about incompatibility and contra-indications of various drugs, etc. For these formulations, Pharmacists are required to prepare, mix, compound or dispense drugs and medicines, ointments, powder, pills, tablets and injections on the prescription of a medical practitioner, dentist or veterinarian. In detail, they are concerned with the production of pharmaceutical products, development of the methods or processes of production and quality control.

D Pharmacy Course Admission Process Eligibility Entrance Exam

In India, the higher secondary study is concluded by a higher secondary examination that we known as 10+2 board exams. Entry qualifications and Entry requirements for pharmacy vary across and within states, depending on the program and most significantly, between private and public institutions. Based on the performance of the higher secondary examination all the government colleges take Admission to the first year D. Pharm program. Private colleges complying with the education regulations of the pharmacy council of India (PCI) have their own admission procedures. However, Majority of privately funded institutions do not have a direct formal application processes. The mode of instruction for all pharmacy institutions in India is English. The D. Pharm curriculum is the same throughout the country and is framed through the education regulations of the Pharmacy Act.

Present Scenario:

During the 1990s, the PCI strove hard for upgrading the minimum qualification for pharmacy registration from D. Pharm to B. Pharm but failed due to lack of consensus. Professional courses in an education sector are a fast-moving commodity in the market and are mainly business oriented nowadays. It is meant to give some profit to the undertaker.  Teacher-student teams in a classroom are the equivalent of industry’s front-line workers. Their successful efforts together give rise to the development of the student’s capabilities, interests, and character. Students generally undertake the D. Pharm program as their optional choice of study, having been unable to obtain a place at the college in some degree program of their first choice. Nevertheless, Students those are interested in pursuing a career in the pharmacy field can opt for the admission of D. Pharm initially.