Contents of the powerpoint on Drug delivery approaches with special emphasis on chemical drug delivery include:
Introduction
Targeted delivery of drugs
Physical (or) Mechanical approach
Biological approach
Chemical approach
Prodrug approaches
Retro metabolic approach
Chemical drug delivery system (CDS)
Soft drug approaches
Chemical drug delivery approaches to Brain, Lung, Eye
Conclusion
References

Drug targeting:
Drug targeting is the delivery of drugs to receptors (or) organs (or) any other specific part of the body.
In the past work was done mainly altering the pharmacokinetics of the drugs, but later with the advancement in “carrier technology”, approaches based on specific site targeting came into focus.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Design and applications of extruder spheronizer include:
INTRODUCTION
EQUIPMENTS OF EXTRUDER AND SPHERONIZER
EXTRUSION- SPHERONIZATION PROCESS
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Extrusion-spheronization a pelletization technique was developed in the early 1960s, and this process is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to make uniformly sized spheroids.
It is especially useful for making dense granules for controlled-release solid oral dosage forms with a minimum amount of excipients.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Dendrimers include:
Historical background
Introduction
Structure&components of a dendrimer
Types of dendrimers
Synthesis of dendrimers
Properties of dendrimers
Methods for characterization of dendrimers
Applications
Conclusion
References

Dendrimers are a novel class of spheroid/globular nanoscaled macromolecules

Characterized by highly branched tree like structers that provides a high degree of surface functionality &versatility

Dendrimers are also referred to as the polymers of 21st century

Due to their multivalent & monodisperse character,dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry & biology, especially in applications like drug delivery, gene therapy & chemotherapy

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Contents of the powerpoint on Cytochrome p450 metabolism include:
INTRODUCTION
CYTOCHROME P450 NOMENCLATURE
COMPONENTS OF CYP450
MECHANISM – CATALYTIC CYCLE
FAMILY OF CYTOCHROME P450 IN VARIOUS SPECIES
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM
SPECTRUM OF CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG METABOLISM
PHASES OF DRUG METABOLISM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

The cytochrome p450 enzymes (cyps) are a diverse super family of enzymes which taken together,are capable of metabolising wide variety of endogenous and xenobiotic substances including drug molecules.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (hemoproteins) play an important role in the intra-cellular metabolism.

Cyps have been extensively studied in animals (rats,mice dogs and to less extent in zebra fish), in bacteria ,in fungi,in insects, in plants and in humans, (prokaryotic and Eucaryotic).

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Contents of the powerpoint on Clinical pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and lactation include:
CONTENTS
Introduction
Alterations in pharmacokinetic parameters
Index of fetal drug exposure
Compartment characterisation
Teratogens
Drug transfer
Pharmacokinetics of
Antiepileptics
Antidepressants
Antiinfectives
References

Pharmacokinetics deals with the description of concentration changes of drugs in the body as a function of time.
In pregnancy and labour the body becomes a complex physiological unit which consists of mother, placenta and fetus.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Bone marrow targeting and targeting to lysosomal diseases include:
CONTENTS

Introduction
Physiology of bone marrow
Bone marrow targets for drug delivery
Colloidal carriers for bone marrow targeting
Nanospheres/nanoparticles
Liposomes
Lysosomal storage diseases
Targeting exogenous enzymes
Conclusion
References

Even biodistribution of pharmaceuticals throughout the body;

The lack of drug specific affinity toward a pathological site;

The necessity of a large total dose of a drug;

Non-specific toxicity and other adverse side-effects.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Aptamers and anti sense agents include:
INTRODUCTION

ANTISENSE AGENTS

DEFINITION
MECHANISM
ADVANTAGES
CELLULAR ACTIVITY
CELLULAR UPTAKE
CLINICAL TRIAL SUBSTANCES

APTAMERS

DEVELOPMENT
PROPERTIES
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

The term ‘Antisense Therapeutics’ or ‘Antisense Technology’ encompasses several types of nucleic acids that have the ability to modulate gene expression. The most common types of nucleic acids included in this term are antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs), ribozymes (RNA enzymes) and more recently, DNAzymes (DNA enzymes).

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Contents of the powerpoint on Volume Of Distribution include:
Objective
Definition
Protein binding of drugs
Tissue binding of drugs
Factors affecting volume of distribution
Steady state volume of distribution
Relationship between clearance & VD & t1/2
Significance
Conclusion
References

To understand and describe the processes by which drugs are distributed throughout the body

To differentiate between apparent volume of distribution & true physiological volume

To understand the effect of protein and tissue binding on volume of drug distribution.

The volume of distribution (VD) , also known as apparent volume of distribution, is a pharmacological term used to quantify the distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body after oral or parenteral dosing.

It is defined as the volume in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the observed blood concentration.

The volume of distribution is a hypothetical volume of fluid into which a drug is distributed, it’s a useful in predicting amount of drug in the body.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Validation Of Raw Materials include:
INTRODUCTION TO VALIDATION
DEFINITION OF VALIDATION
QUALITY ATTRIBUTES
WHY TO VALIDATE
WHEN TO VALIDATE
DEFINITION OF RAW MATERIAL
STEPS INVOLVED IN RAW MATERIAL VALIDATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Validation is the scientific study of a system
To prove that the facility/system/equipment/method is consistently doing what it is supposed to do (i.e., that the process is under control).

We want to make decisions based on good science and not hunches and assumptions!

To determine the process variables and acceptable limits for these variables, and to set-up appropriate in-process controls.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Types Of Tablets And Their Charecteristics include:
Introduction
Classification of tablets
Characteristics of tablets
Conclusion
References

Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage form containing medicaments with or without excipients.

According to the Indian Pharmacopoeia Pharmaceutical tablets are solid, flat or biconvex dishes, unit dosage form, prepared by compressing a drugs or a mixture of drugs, with or without diluents.

They vary in shape and differ greatly in size and weight, depending on amount of medicinal substances and the intended mode of administration.

It is the most popular dosage form and 70% of the total medicines are dispensed in the form of Tablet.

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