Adiponectin

A major adipokine, molecular weight 28,000 Da (monomeric form), that is secreted only from adipocytes.

It exists at high levels in the plasma and has a number of functions, including an important role in insulin sensitivity, inflammation (anti-anti-inflammatory action) and atherogenesis.

Unlike most adipokines, the plasma levels fall in obesity.

Activins

Activins are growth and differentiation factors belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. They are dimeric proteins, consisting of two inhibin-β subunits.

The structure of activins is highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. Activins signal through type I and type II receptor serine/threonine receptor kinases. Subsequently downstream signals such as Smad proteins are phosphorylated.

Activins are present in many tissues of the mammalian organism, where they function as autocrine and/or paracrine regulators of various physiological processes, including reproduction.

In the hypothalamus, activins are thought to stimulate the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

In the pituitary, activins increase folliclestimulating hormone secretion and up-regulate gonadotropin- releasing hormon receptor expression. In the ovaries, activins regulate processes such as folliculogenesis, steroid hormone production and oocyte maturation.

During pregnancy, activin-A is also involved in the regulation of placental functions.

APPSC Drug Inspector Exam Syllabus | DI Syllabus

Scheme of Drug Inspector Exam|DI Exam

WRITTEN (OBJECTIVE TYPE) EXAMINATION on 29/04/2012 at 10.00am- 4.30 pm

1 GENERAL STUDIES & MENTAL ABILITY 150 Marks 150 Questions. 150 Minutes
2 SUBJECT (ONE PAPER) 300 Marks 150 Questions 150 Minutes
INTERVIEW (ORAL TEST) 50 Marks

SYLLABUS

GENERAL STUDIES & MENTAL ABILITY

(Timings from morning 10.00am to 12.30 noon ; 150 minutes;

150 questions, Each question carries 1 mark ; Total marks : 150

NO NEGATIVE MARKING)

1. General Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline.
2. Current events of national and international importance.
3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement.
4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP.
5. Indian polity and Economy – including the country’s political system- rural development
– Planning and economic reforms in India.
6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences.

SUBJECT

(Timings from afternoon 2.00 pm to evening 4.30 pm ; 150 minutes;

150 questions, Each question carries 2 marks ; Total marks : 300

NO NEGATIVE MARKING)

1. Importance of various pharmacopeia with special reference to Indian pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopea, Unites States pharmacopoeia and International Pharmacopoes.

2. Sources of drugs: Plant, Animal, Mineral, Synthetic and Biotechnological drugs.

3. Preparation of Infusions, Decoctions, Tinctures, Solutions, Soft and Dry extracts.
Introduction and classification of various pharmaceutical dosage forms.

4. Various parts of “Prescription” handling of prescriptions preliminary knowledge of important Latin terms useful in interpretation of prescription and their translation into English.

5. Posology: Calculation of dosage for infants, children adults and elderly persons. Alcohol dilutions, Proof spirit, Isotonic solutions, Displacement value.

6. Brief outline of communicable diseases, their causative agents, modes of transmission and their prevention (Chicken pox, Tuberculosis, Malaria, Filaria, Leprosy, Sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS).

7. First Aid: Emergency treatment of shock, snake-bites, burns, poisoning and fractures.

8. Classification of microbes their structure and identification. Bacterial growth, nutritional requirements and staining.

9. Contamination of pharmaceuticals in hospital and community environments by microbes.

10. Sterilization: Definition, types, procedure and testing.

11. Sterilization of materials, equipments and utensils used in hospitals, centralized and decentralised sterilization. Drug distribution system in hospitals for out-patients and in- patients.

12. Opthalmic preparations: formulations, methods of preparation, containers and evaluation.

13. Collection, processing, storage and evaluation of blood, blood products and plasma –
substitutes

14. Surgical products: Surgical cotton, surgical guazes, bandages, sutures, ligatures and catguts.

15. Definition and types of incompatibilities (Physical Chemical and Therapeutic), correction of incompatibilities.

16. Anatomy and physiology of Cardio-vascular system and related common disorders like hypertension, hypotension, angina, myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure.

17. Anatomy and physiology of Digestive system and related disorders like peptic ulcers, constipation, diarrhoea and jaundice.

18. Functions of different parts of Brain and spinal cord, Neuohumoral transmission in the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

19. Drugs, acting on cardiovascular system: Digitalis and other cardiac glycosides, anti- hypertensive drugs, anti-anginal and vasodilators including calcium channel antagonists.

20. Drugs acting on Gastro-intestinal tract: antacids, anti-ulcer drugs, anti-emetics, laxatives and anti diarrhoeal drugs.

21. Drugs acting on central nervous systems: Sadatives, hypnotics, anti-anxiety agents, centrally acting muscle relaxants, anti-epileptics, analgesic, anti-phyretic and anti-
inflammatory drugs.

22. Antigens, anti-bodies, antigen-anti body reactions, hypersensitivity active and passive immunity types of vaccines.

23. Historical development of antibiotics. Isolation of fermentation products with special reference to pencillins and tetracyclines.

24. Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, glucogenesis, glucogenolysis, glycogen formation, pentose phosphate pathway, uronic acid pathway, abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism.

25. Introduction and principles of anti-microbial therapy Cotrimoxazole, fluorauinelones, newer pencillins, broad spectrum antibiotics, cephalosporins, macrolides, anti-tubercular, anti-leprotic, antifungal and anti-viral drugs.

26. Anti protozoan and anthelmintic drugs. Chemotheraphy of neoplastic diseases.

27. Salient features of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules, 1945 with special reference to Duties and powers of Inspectors. Composition and functions of statutory bodies.

28. Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances Act, 1985 with special reference to procurement and utilization of dosage forms.

All the best for ur DI exam on 29/04/2012….

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