Contents of the powerpoint on Lymphatic transport of drugs include:
CONTENTS
Introduction
Physiology of lymphatic system
Intestinal lymphatic drug transport
Promotion of intestinal lymphatic drug transport
Prodrug approaches for enhanced lymphatic delivery
Formulation approaches for enhanced intestinal lymphatic transport
Conclusion
References

Lymphatic system

Lymphatic system is closed system of lymph channels through which lymph flows.
Lymphatic system is one way system and allows the lymph tissue spaces to the blood
The lymphatic system can be broadly divided into the conducting system and the lymphoid tissue.

The conducting system carries the lymph and consists of tubular vessels that include the lymph capillaries, the lymph vessels, and the right and thoracic ducts.

Lymphatic conducting system

Tubular vessels transport back lymph to the blood ultimately replacing the volume lost from the blood during the formation of the interstitial fluid. These channels are the lymphatic channels or simply called lymphatics.

lymphatic conducting system broadly consists of two types of channels—the initial lymphatics or lymph capillaries that specialize in collection of the lymph from the ISF, and the larger lymph vessels that propel the lymph forward
Lymphoid tissue

Lymphoid tissue is concerned with immune functions in defending the body against the infections and spread of tumors. It consists of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells lymphocytes
The lymphoid tissue may be primary, secondary, or tertiary depending upon the stage of lymphocyte development and maturation.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Ion exchangers used in controlled drug delivery include:
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
POLYMER MATRIX
MECHANISM OF ION EXCHANGE
FACTORS AFFECTING ION EXCHANGE
PREPARATION OF DRUG RESINATES
EVALUATION OF DRUG RESINATES
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Ion-exchange resins have been studied in pharmaceutical applications since the early 1950s,leading to patenting and commercialisation of some resin based formulations.
Resins have found use as pharmacologically-active ingredients and as pharmaceutical excipients that improve drug stability ,mask the taste of a drug, enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs, or achieve sustained or controlled drug delivery.
Advantageous properties, such as a high capacity for drug loading ,an easily executed loading procedure, good drug-retaining properties, and more uniform drug release makes the ion exchangers, as such, attractive for drug delivery systems.

Ion-exchange materials, such as macroreticular resins, gels, membranes and fibers, contain two components: a water insoluble structural component consisting of a polymer framework, and a functional component consisting of fixed acidic or basic ion-exchange groups.

ADVANTAGE:
Ion exchange systems are advantageous for drugs that are highly susceptible to degradation by enzymatic processes, since they offer a protective mechanism by temporarily altering the substrate.

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Contents of the powerpoint on International organization for standardization include:
Introduction
Definition
purpose
What standards matter
ISO brand
Examples
Elements of the standards
The ISO 9000 series
Conclusion
References

ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is the largest developer and publisher of international standards.
It is founded on 23 February 1947 and has its head quarters in Geneva, Switzerland .
The organization promulgates world wide proprietary industrial and commercial standards.
The organization adopted ISO based on the Greek word `isos` meaning “equal”. It means it reflects the aim of the organization to equalize and standardize across cultures.
ISO has more than 17500 International Standards and other types of normative documents in the current portfolio.

ISO is a non-governmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors.
ISO defines itself as a non-governmental organization, its ability to set standards that often become law, either through treaties or national standards, makes it powerful than most non-governmental organizations.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Good laboratory practice (glp) include:
Good Laboratory Practice(GLP) is a quality system concerned with the organisational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned , performed, monitored, recorded, archived and reported.

The Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines (GLP) have been in existence for non-clinical safety studies since 1976.
It is a quality system which intends to ensure through careful and accurate documentation , covering all aspects of study and of its environment, the quality , integrity and reliability of safety data.

WHO has published standards for Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
covering the manufacture of drug
product.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
covering clinical trials in humans to establish efficacy and safety
OECD members manage quality standards for non-clinical testing for the safety of potential products . (GLP)

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Contents of the powerpoint on Formulation and evaluation of microspheres include:
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
METHODS OF PREPARATION.
CHARACTERIZATION.
APPLICATIONS.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES

POWDERS AND GRANULATES
Free-flowing powders and granulates are needed for a variety of industrial processes. These, however, do not always meet the exacting standards which modern manufacturing demands of them, due to their varying grain size distribution and odd shapes.
These properties are detrimental to efficient processing and lead to agglomeration, inexact dosage, abrading with loss of material, or low reproducibility of castings.
Pharmaceutical applications require highly reproducible dosage and the controlled release of active agents, which can not be achieved with conventional powders and Granulates.

Microparticles or microspheres are defined as small, insoluble, free flowing spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. and sized from about 50 nm to about 2 mm.

The term nanospheres is often applied to the smaller spheres (sized 10 to 500 nm) to distinguish them from larger microspheres

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Contents of the powerpoint on Evaluation of semisolid dosage forms include:
Introduction
Ideal properties of semisolids
Categories of semisolids
Evaluation of ointments
Evaluation of creams
Evaluation of suppositories
conclusion
references

Draize skin irritation test:
A known amount of test substance is introduced under a one square inch gauge patch,
The patch is applied to skin of 12 albino rabbits, (6 with intact skin) and (6 with abraded skin),
The patch is secured in place with adhesive tape and the entire trunk of the animal is wrapped with an impervious material for a 24 hour period,
After 24 hours the patches are removed and resulting reaction is evaluated for erythema and edema formation.
The reaction is again scored at the end of 72 hours and the two readings are averaged.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Equipment for filtration of air include:
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF AIR FILTRATION
AIR FILTERS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

The purpose of air filtration is to remove
contaminants from the air.
The removal of airborne particulate from an air stream is called air filtration and is accomplished through mechanical, and electrostatic phenomenon.
The first step in selecting an air filtration system is to understand the contamination – what it is and how it is harmful.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Equipment for autoclaving include:
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
WHAT CAN BE AUTOCLAVED
EQUIPMENT
TYPES AND OPERATION
VERIFICATION
VALIDATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

What can be autoclaved

Surgical Instruments

Glassware

Plastic tubes and pipette tips

Solutions and water

Animal food and bedding

Waste

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Contents of the powerpoint on Efflux transporters include:
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
P-glycoprotein
Distribution & Structure
Substrates&inhibitors
Mechanism of drug transport
Pharmacokinetic implications of p-gp
Multidrug resistance associated proteins
Structure
Members of MRP family
Substrates&inhibitors
Transport cycle of MRPs
Clinical relavance of efflux transporters
Conclusion
References

Efflux transporters are positioned so as to encounter potentially harmful substances face-to-face — in important places like the intestine, the placenta, and the blood-brain and blood-testes barriers, making them an excellent first line of defense.

Embedded within a cell’s membrane, this protein protects a cell by ejecting a variety of molecules — in many cases, toxins —on contact. The cell might be a bacterium, in which case the “toxins” are antibiotics.

With cancer cells, the “poisons” are chemotherapy drugs.

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Dry mixtures contains the drug and suitable suspending and dispersing agents to be diluted and agitated with a specific quantity of vehicle, most often purified water. Drugs that are instable if maintained for extended periods in the presence of aqueous vehicle (eg., many antibiotic drugs) are frequently supplied as dry powder mixtures for reconstitution at the time of dispensing. This type of preparation is designated in the USP by a title “for Oral Suspension”. The reconstituted system is the formulation of choice when the drug stability is a major concern. After reconstitution, these systems have a short but acceptable life if stored at refrigerator temperatures. Reconstitutable oral systems show the adequate chemical stability of the drug during shelf life, avoids the physical stability problems related to solubility, pH and incompatibilities with other ingredients and also reduce the weight of the final product because the aqueous vehicle is absent and consequently the transportation expenses may be reduced.

Advantage of Dry Syrup

Dry syrup form of the drug is also useful in case of bioavailability as it has high bioavailability rather than tablets and capsules as it disintegrates in water outside of the oral cavity and directly the suspension is gone through the gastrointestinal tract. So the suspension easily absorbs in the GIT.A number of commercial and official preparations are available as dry powder mixtures.

Contents of the powerpoint on Dry syrups include:
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENSIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION
COMMONLY USED INGREDIENTS
PREPARATION OF DRY MIXTURE
STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
GUIDELINES FOR STABILITY TESTING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Definition
Dry powders for oral suspension are powder mixtures that require the addition of water (reconstitution) at the time of dispensing and are mostly for paediatric use. These are called dry syrups or reconstitutable oral suspensions.

Rationale

Inadequate chemical stability of the drug in the aqueous vehicle.
Avoid the physical stability problems like viscosity changes, conversion of polymorphic form, incompatibility, crystal growth, caking.
Reduces the weight of final product.
Shipped without regard to seasonal temperatures.

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