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Contents of the powerpoint on Formulation and evaluation of microspheres include:
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS.
METHODS OF PREPARATION.
CHARACTERIZATION.
APPLICATIONS.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCES

POWDERS AND GRANULATES
Free-flowing powders and granulates are needed for a variety of industrial processes. These, however, do not always meet the exacting standards which modern manufacturing demands of them, due to their varying grain size distribution and odd shapes.
These properties are detrimental to efficient processing and lead to agglomeration, inexact dosage, abrading with loss of material, or low reproducibility of castings.
Pharmaceutical applications require highly reproducible dosage and the controlled release of active agents, which can not be achieved with conventional powders and Granulates.

Microparticles or microspheres are defined as small, insoluble, free flowing spherical particles consisting of a polymer matrix and drug. and sized from about 50 nm to about 2 mm.

The term nanospheres is often applied to the smaller spheres (sized 10 to 500 nm) to distinguish them from larger microspheres

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Contents of the powerpoint on Evaluation of semisolid dosage forms include:
Introduction
Ideal properties of semisolids
Categories of semisolids
Evaluation of ointments
Evaluation of creams
Evaluation of suppositories
conclusion
references

Draize skin irritation test:
A known amount of test substance is introduced under a one square inch gauge patch,
The patch is applied to skin of 12 albino rabbits, (6 with intact skin) and (6 with abraded skin),
The patch is secured in place with adhesive tape and the entire trunk of the animal is wrapped with an impervious material for a 24 hour period,
After 24 hours the patches are removed and resulting reaction is evaluated for erythema and edema formation.
The reaction is again scored at the end of 72 hours and the two readings are averaged.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Equipment for filtration of air include:
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF AIR FILTRATION
AIR FILTERS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

The purpose of air filtration is to remove
contaminants from the air.
The removal of airborne particulate from an air stream is called air filtration and is accomplished through mechanical, and electrostatic phenomenon.
The first step in selecting an air filtration system is to understand the contamination – what it is and how it is harmful.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Equipment for autoclaving include:
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
WHAT CAN BE AUTOCLAVED
EQUIPMENT
TYPES AND OPERATION
VERIFICATION
VALIDATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE

What can be autoclaved

Surgical Instruments

Glassware

Plastic tubes and pipette tips

Solutions and water

Animal food and bedding

Waste

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Contents of the powerpoint on Efflux transporters include:
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
P-glycoprotein
Distribution & Structure
Substrates&inhibitors
Mechanism of drug transport
Pharmacokinetic implications of p-gp
Multidrug resistance associated proteins
Structure
Members of MRP family
Substrates&inhibitors
Transport cycle of MRPs
Clinical relavance of efflux transporters
Conclusion
References

Efflux transporters are positioned so as to encounter potentially harmful substances face-to-face — in important places like the intestine, the placenta, and the blood-brain and blood-testes barriers, making them an excellent first line of defense.

Embedded within a cell’s membrane, this protein protects a cell by ejecting a variety of molecules — in many cases, toxins —on contact. The cell might be a bacterium, in which case the “toxins” are antibiotics.

With cancer cells, the “poisons” are chemotherapy drugs.

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Dry mixtures contains the drug and suitable suspending and dispersing agents to be diluted and agitated with a specific quantity of vehicle, most often purified water. Drugs that are instable if maintained for extended periods in the presence of aqueous vehicle (eg., many antibiotic drugs) are frequently supplied as dry powder mixtures for reconstitution at the time of dispensing. This type of preparation is designated in the USP by a title “for Oral Suspension”. The reconstituted system is the formulation of choice when the drug stability is a major concern. After reconstitution, these systems have a short but acceptable life if stored at refrigerator temperatures. Reconstitutable oral systems show the adequate chemical stability of the drug during shelf life, avoids the physical stability problems related to solubility, pH and incompatibilities with other ingredients and also reduce the weight of the final product because the aqueous vehicle is absent and consequently the transportation expenses may be reduced.

Advantage of Dry Syrup

Dry syrup form of the drug is also useful in case of bioavailability as it has high bioavailability rather than tablets and capsules as it disintegrates in water outside of the oral cavity and directly the suspension is gone through the gastrointestinal tract. So the suspension easily absorbs in the GIT.A number of commercial and official preparations are available as dry powder mixtures.

Contents of the powerpoint on Dry syrups include:
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENSIONS FOR RECONSTITUTION
COMMONLY USED INGREDIENTS
PREPARATION OF DRY MIXTURE
STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS
GUIDELINES FOR STABILITY TESTING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Definition
Dry powders for oral suspension are powder mixtures that require the addition of water (reconstitution) at the time of dispensing and are mostly for paediatric use. These are called dry syrups or reconstitutable oral suspensions.

Rationale

Inadequate chemical stability of the drug in the aqueous vehicle.
Avoid the physical stability problems like viscosity changes, conversion of polymorphic form, incompatibility, crystal growth, caking.
Reduces the weight of final product.
Shipped without regard to seasonal temperatures.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Drug delivery approaches with special emphasis on chemical drug delivery include:
Introduction
Targeted delivery of drugs
Physical (or) Mechanical approach
Biological approach
Chemical approach
Prodrug approaches
Retro metabolic approach
Chemical drug delivery system (CDS)
Soft drug approaches
Chemical drug delivery approaches to Brain, Lung, Eye
Conclusion
References

Drug targeting:
Drug targeting is the delivery of drugs to receptors (or) organs (or) any other specific part of the body.
In the past work was done mainly altering the pharmacokinetics of the drugs, but later with the advancement in “carrier technology”, approaches based on specific site targeting came into focus.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Design and applications of extruder spheronizer include:
INTRODUCTION
EQUIPMENTS OF EXTRUDER AND SPHERONIZER
EXTRUSION- SPHERONIZATION PROCESS
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Extrusion-spheronization a pelletization technique was developed in the early 1960s, and this process is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to make uniformly sized spheroids.
It is especially useful for making dense granules for controlled-release solid oral dosage forms with a minimum amount of excipients.

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Contents of the powerpoint on Dendrimers include:
Historical background
Introduction
Structure&components of a dendrimer
Types of dendrimers
Synthesis of dendrimers
Properties of dendrimers
Methods for characterization of dendrimers
Applications
Conclusion
References

Dendrimers are a novel class of spheroid/globular nanoscaled macromolecules

Characterized by highly branched tree like structers that provides a high degree of surface functionality &versatility

Dendrimers are also referred to as the polymers of 21st century

Due to their multivalent & monodisperse character,dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry & biology, especially in applications like drug delivery, gene therapy & chemotherapy

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Contents of the powerpoint on Cytochrome p450 metabolism include:
INTRODUCTION
CYTOCHROME P450 NOMENCLATURE
COMPONENTS OF CYP450
MECHANISM – CATALYTIC CYCLE
FAMILY OF CYTOCHROME P450 IN VARIOUS SPECIES
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM
SPECTRUM OF CONSEQUENCES OF DRUG METABOLISM
PHASES OF DRUG METABOLISM
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

The cytochrome p450 enzymes (cyps) are a diverse super family of enzymes which taken together,are capable of metabolising wide variety of endogenous and xenobiotic substances including drug molecules.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes (hemoproteins) play an important role in the intra-cellular metabolism.

Cyps have been extensively studied in animals (rats,mice dogs and to less extent in zebra fish), in bacteria ,in fungi,in insects, in plants and in humans, (prokaryotic and Eucaryotic).

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