What is Drugs Technical Advisory Board?

The Drugs Technical Advisory Board advises the Central Government and the State Governments on technical matters arising out of the administration of Drugs & Cosmetics Act and carry out functions assigned to it by this Act. 

Who are the members of DTAB Drugs Technical Advisory Board? 

(i) the Director General of Health Services, ex officio, who shall be Chairman;

(ii) the Drugs Controller, India, ex officio;

(iii) theDirector of the Central Drugs Laboratory, Calcutta, ex officio;

(iv) the Director of the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, ex officio; 

(v) the Director of Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, ex officio;

(vi) the President of Medical Council of India, ex officio;

(vii) the President of the Pharmacy Council of India, ex officio;

(viii) the Director of Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, ex officio;

(ix) two persons to be nominated by the Central Government from among persons who are in charge of drugs control in the States; one person, to be elected by the Executive Committee of the Pharmacy Council of India, from among teachers in pharmacy or pharmaceutical chemistry or pharmacognosy on the staff of an Indian university or a college affiliated thereto;

(xi) one person, to be elected by the Executive Committee of the Medical Council of India, from among teachers in medicine or therapeutics on the staff of an Indian university or a college affiliated thereto;

(xii) one person to be nominated by the Central Government from the pharmaceutical industry;

(xiii) one pharmacologist to be elected by the Governing Body of the Indian Council of Medical Research;

(xiv) one person to be elected by the Central Council of the Indian Medical Association;

(xv) one person to be elected by the Council of the Indian Pharmaceutical Association;

(xvi) two persons holding the appointment of Government Analyst under this Act, to be nominated by the Central Government.

Functions of Drugs Technical Advisory Board

1. Co-ordinate the DTAB meetings under the Chairmanship of Director General of Health Services (DGHS) to advise the Central Government and the State Governments on technical matters arising out of the administration of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and to carry out the other functions assigned to it by this Act.

2. Co-ordinate the DCC meetings under the Chairmanship of Drugs Controller General (India) to advise the Central Government, the State Governments and DTAB on any other matter tending to secure uniformity throughout India in the administration of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.

3. Initiate the amendments in the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945 as per the recommendations of DTAB and co-ordinate with Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MOHFW) for draft and final Gazette Notifications.

4. Examination, compilation and consideration of comments/suggestions/objections received with respect to draft Gazette Notifications / Public Notices / Circulars etc.

5. Co-ordinate the constitution of sub-committees recommended in DTAB and DCC meetings and further follow-up for their reports.

6. Co-ordinate the stake holders meetings with respect to amendments of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, as per recommendations from MOHFW whenever required.

7. Prepare minutes of DTAB and DCC meetings and upload on CDSCO website for stakeholders/public reference.

8. Processing of representations/RTIs/Public Grievances with respect to Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules thereunder

Tenure of Drugs Technical Advisory Board Members? 

The nominated and elected members of the Board shall hold office for three years, but shall be  eligible for renomination and re-election:

1 [Provided that the person nominated or elected, as the case may be, under clause (ix) or clause (x) or clause (xi) or clause (xvi) of sub-section

(2) shall hold office for so long as he holds the appointment of the office by virtue of which he was nominated or  elected to the Board.]

(4) The Board may, subject to the previous approval of the Central Government, make bye-laws fixing a quorum and regulating its own procedure and the conduct of all business to be transacted by it.

(5) The Board may constitute sub-committees and may appoint to such sub-committees for such periods, not exceeding three years, as it may decide, or temporarily for the consideration of particular matters, persons who are not members of the Board.

Organogram of DTAB

How DTAB Works ?  Processes

BY-LAWS OF THE DTAB:

1. The Chairman of the Board shall fix the date, time and place of every meeting of the Board, provided that the Board shall meet at least once every calendar year.

2. The Chairman of the Board shall, when present, preside all the meetings of the Board. If the Chairman is not present in any meeting, the members present shall select from amongst themselves a person to preside as Chairman at such meeting.

3. Seven member of the Board present in person shall constitute a quorum.

4. (i) Not less than 35 clear days’ notice of every meeting shall be given to each member of the Board, provided that the Chairman:-
(a) may call, after giving not less than 15 clear days’ notice to the members of the Board, a special meeting at any time to deal with any urgent matter requiring the attention of the Board;
(b) shall call, after giving not less than 15 clear days’ notice to the members of the Board, a special meeting within one month of the receipts of a requisition in writing signed by not less than seven members and stating the purpose, being a purpose within the scope of the Board’s functions for which they desire the meeting to be called.
(ii) The notices shall be dispatched to the latest address given to the Secretary by the members of the Board.

5. Any member desirous of moving any resolution at a meeting of the Board shall give notice, thereof in writing to the Secretary not less than 15 days before the date of such meeting, provided that in the case of a special meeting the notice will not be less than 5 days.

6. Each member of the Board shall have one vote, and if there shall be an equality of votes on any question to be decided, the Chairman shall have a second or casting vote.

7. Any business, which it may be necessary for the Board to discuss and decide except such as the Chairman may direct to be transacted by circulation among all members of the Board shall be placed at a meeting of the Board. If three or more members express, in writing, a desire that any particular subject shall be discussed at a meeting instead of being decided by circulation it shall be placed before a meeting of the Board.

8. Any resolution or report which is circulated on the direction of the Board or by the Chairman under Bye-Laws 7, and approved by a majority of the members signing shall be as binding as a resolution voted in a meeting of the Board, provided that at least nine members of the Board shall have recorded their views on the resolution in support.

9. Proceedings of each meeting, duly approved by the Chairman, shall be forwarded to the members of the Board for their approval or comments within 35 days of the date on which the meeting was held.

10. The quorum for a sub-committee appointed by the Board shall be determined at the time of the appointment of the sub-committee and shall not be less than a majority of the members appointed.

11. The Chairman and the Secretary of the Sub-committee shall be appointed by the Board at the time of the appointment of the sub-committee.
980529/2018/CDSCO-(HQ)

Doctor of Pharmacy Scope Academic Regulations for Pharm. D and D (Post Baccalaureate) (Regular)

(Effective for the students admitted into I year from the Academic Year onwards)

 

Award of Pharm. D Degree

 

A student will be declared eligible for the award of the Pharm. D. Degree if he fulfils the following academic regulations:

i. Duration of the course Pharm D

 

1. D: The duration of the course shall be six academic years (five years of study and one year of internship or residency) full time with each academic year spread over a period of not less than two hundred working days. The period of six years duration is divided into two phases –

 

 

Phase  I   –    consisting of First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth academic year.

 

Phase II – consisting of internship or residency training during sixth year

Involving posting in speciality units. It is a phase of training wherein a student is exposed to actual pharmacy practice or clinical pharmacy services and acquires skill under supervision so that he or she may become capable of functioning independently.

 

1. Pursue the course of study for not less than 06 academic years and is not more than 12 years.

 

1. Students, who fail to fulfil all the academic requirements for the award of the degree within 12 academic years from the year of their admission, shall forfeit their seat in Pharm D. course and their admission is cancelled.

 

2. A student will be declared eligible for the award of the D (Post Baccalaureate). Degree if he fulfils the following academic regulations:

 

1. D. (Post Baccalaureate): The duration of the course shall be for three academic years (two years of study and one year internship or residency) full time with each academic year spread over a period of not less than two hundred working days. The period of three years duration is divided into two phases –

Phase  I   –    consisting of First and Second academic year.

 

Phase II – consisting of Internship or residency training during third year involving posting in speciality units. It is a phase of training wherein a student is exposed to actual pharmacy practice or clinical pharmacy services, and acquires skill under supervision so that he or she may become capable of functioning independently.

 

1. Pursue the course of study for not less than 03 academic years and is not more than 06 years.

 

1. Students, who fail to fulfil all the academic requirements for the award of the degree within 06 academic years from the year of their admission, shall forfeit their seat in Pharm D (PB) course and their admission is cancelled.

 

3. –

 

1. Every year there shall be an examination to examine the students.

 

1. Each examination may be held twice every year. The first examination in a year shall be the annual examination and the second examination shall be supplementary examination.

 

1. The examinations shall be of written and practical (including oral nature) carrying maximum marks for each part of a subject as indicated in Tables below :

TABLES

First Year examination :

 

S.No.	Name of Subject		Maximum marks for Theory			Maximum marks for Practicals
			Examination	Sessional	Total	Examination	Sessional	Total
1.1	Human	Anatomy	70	30	100	70	30	100
	and Physiology
1.2	Pharmaceutics		70	30	100	70	30	100
1.3	Medicinal		70	30	100	70	30	100
	Biochemistry
1.4	Pharmaceutical		70	30	100	70	30	100
	Organic Chemistry
1.5	Pharmaceutical		70	30	100	70	30	100
	Inorganic Chemistry
1.6	Remedial		70	30	100	70*	30*	100*
	Mathematics/
	Biology
					600			600 =
								1200

 

* for Biology.

 

Second Year examination Pharm D :

 

S.No.	Name of Subject	Maximum marks for Theory			Maximum marks for Practicals
		Examination	Sessional	Total	Examination	Sessional	Total
2.1	Pathophysiology	70	30	100	–	–	–
2.2	Pharmaceutical	70	30	100	70	30	100
	Microbiology
2.3	Pharmacognosy &	70	30	100	70	30	100
	Phytopharmaceuticals
2.4	Pharmacology-I	70	30	100	–	–	–
2.5	Community Pharmacy	70	30	100	–	–	–
2.6	Pharmacotherapeutics-	70	30	100	70	30	100
	I
				600			300 =
							900

 

 

 

Third Year examination :

 

S.No.	Name of Subject	Maximum marks for Theory			Maximum marks for Practicals
		Examination	Sessional	Total	Examination	Sessional	Total
3.1	Pharmacology-II	70	30	100	70	30	100
3.2	Pharmaceutical	70	30	100	70	30	100
	Analysis
3.3	Pharmacotherapeutics-	70	30	100	70	30	100
	II
3.4	Pharmaceutical	70	30	100	–	–	–
	Jurisprudence
3.5	Medicinal Chemistry	70	30	100	70	30	100
3.6	Pharmaceutical	70	30	100	70	30	100
	Formulations
				600			500 =
							1100

 

 

 

 

Fourth Year examination :

 

S.No.	Name of Subject	Maximum marks for Theory			Maximum marks for Practicals
		Examination	Sessional	Total	Examination	Sessional	Total
4.1	Pharmacotherapeutics-	70	30	100	70	30	100
	III
4.2	Hospital Pharmacy	70	30	100	70	30	100
4.3	Clinical Pharmacy	70	30	100	70	30	100
4.4	Biostatistics &	70	30	100	–	–	–
	Research
	Methodology
4.5	Biopharmaceutics &	70	30	100	70	30	100
	Pharmacokinetics
4.6	Clinical Toxicology	70	30	100	–	–	–
				600			400 =
							1000

 

Fifth Year examination :

 

S.No.		Name of Subject		Maximum marks for Theory			Maximum marks for Practicals
		ns		Examination	Sessional	Total	Examination	Sessional	Total
5.1		Clinical Research		70	30	100	–	–	–
5.2		Pharmacoepidemiology		70	30	100	–	–	–
		and
		Pharmacoeconomics
5.3		Clinical		70	30	100	–	–	–
		Pharmacokinetics  &
		Pharmacotherapeutic
		Drug Monitoring
5.4		Clerkship *		–	–	–	70	30	100
5.5		Project work (Six		–	–	–	100**	–	100
		Months)
						300			200 =
									500

 

• Attending ward rounds on daily basis.
• 30 marks – viva-voce (oral)

70 marks – Thesis work

Attendance requirements

 

Eligibility for appearing Examination.― Only such students who produce certificate from the Head of the Institution in which he or she has undergone the Pharm.D. or as the case may be, the Pharm.D. (Post Baccalaureate) course, in proof of his or her having regularly and satisfactorily undergone the course of study by attending not less than 80% of the classes held both in theory and in practical separately in each subject shall be eligible for appearing at examination.

 

Mode of examinations

 

• Theory examination shall be of three hours and practical examination shall be of four hours duration.

 

• A Student who fails in theory or practical examination of a subject shall re-appear both in theory and practical of the same subject.
• Practical examination shall also consist of a viva –voce (Oral) examination.

 

• Clerkship examination – Oral examination shall be conducted after the completion of clerkship of students. An external and an internal examiner will evaluate the student. Students may be asked to present the allotted medical cases followed by discussion. Students’ capabilities in delivering clinical pharmacy services, pharmaceutical care planning and knowledge of therapeutics shall be assessed.

 

Award of sessional marks and maintenance of records

 

• A regular record of both theory and practical class work and examinations conducted in an institution imparting training for Pharm.D. or as the case may be, Pharm.D. (Post Baccalaureate) course, shall be maintained for each student in the institution and 30 marks for each theory and 30 marks for each practical subject shall be allotted as sessional.

 

• There shall be at least three periodic sessional examinations during each academic year and the highest aggregate of any two performances shall form the basis of calculating sessional marks.

 

• The sessional marks in practicals shall be allotted on the following basis:-

(i)  Actual performance in the sessional examination               (20 marks);

(ii) Day to day assessment in the practical class work,

 

promptness, viva-voce record maintenance, etc.                 (10 marks).

 

Minimum marks for passing Pharm D examination.―

 

A student shall not be declared to have passed examination unless he or she secures at least 50% marks in each of the subjects separately in the theory examinations, including sessional marks and at least 50% marks in each of the practical examinations including sessional marks. The students securing 60% marks or above in aggregate in all subjects in a single attempt at the Pharm.D. or as the case may be, Pharm. D. (Post Baccalaureate) course examination shall be declared to have passed in first class. Students securing 75% marks or above in any subject or subjects shall be declared to have passed with distinction in the subject or those subjects provided he or she passes in all the subjects in a single attempt.

Eligibility for promotion to next year.―

 

All students who have appeared for all the subjects and passed the first year annual examination are eligible for promotion to the second year and, so on. However, failure in more than two subjects shall debar him or her from promotion to the next year classes.

 

 

9. ―

 

• Internship is a phase of training wherein a student is expected to conduct actual practice of pharmacy and health care and acquires skills under the supervision so that he or she may become capable of functioning independently.

 

• Every student has to undergo one year internship as per PCI norms for Pharm D (Appendix A).

 

10. 10. Practical training

 

As per PCI norms for Pharm D (Appendix B)

 

11. Transitory regulations:

 

Candidates who have been detained for want of attendance or not fulfilled academic requirements or who have failed after having undergone the course in earlier regulations or have discontinued and wish to continue the course are eligible for admission into the unfinished semester from the date of commencement of class work with the same or equivalent subjects as and when subjects are offered, subject to Section 2. and continue to be in the academic regulations they were first admitted.

 

12. With – holding of results:

 

If the candidate has not paid dues to the university or if any case of in-discipline or malpractice is pending against him, the result of the candidate shall be withheld and he will not be allowed / promoted into the next higher semester. The issue of degree is liable to be withheld in such cases.

 

General:

 

1. The academic regulations should be read as a whole for purpose of any interpretation.

 

1. Disciplinary action for Malpractice / improper conduct in examinations is appended

 

• Where the words “he”, “him”, “his”, occur in the regulations, they include “she”, “her”, “hers”.

 

1. In the case of any doubt or ambiguity in the interpretation of the above rules, the decision of the Vice-Chancellor is final.

 

1. The University may change or amend the academic regulations or syllabi at any time and the changes or amendments shall be made applicable to all the students on roles with effect from the dates notified by the University.

Hello readers, Let me ask you a question first before we enter the article. What we can expect to see from our pharmaceutical industry in the coming 20 years? Did you ever imagined what can it adapt or inculcate in the future. Do you ever realize the earning capacity of the pharmaceutical market of the globe is 1.2 trillion dollars? At this high profitable and capital stock the Pharmaceutical industry will definitely undergo a huge technological changes in the coming years. Few expect Artificial Intelligence A.I patient empowerment and 3D printed drugs etc to be trending the future.

Every industry paves an adaptation to the changing times with technological advancement and so our Pharmaceutical industry surely embrace new technologies, therapies and innovations.

Artificial Intelligence for Drug Research & Development

Artificial Intelligence for Drug Research & Development will surely bring up a greater focus on ailments, prevention and digital health through speed and savings.
The market of artificial intelligence in global healthcare will reach 31 billion dollars by the end of 2025 as per few studies.
A.I-aided drug design will be a potential too for the new drug discoveries in the very near future. It is really easy to identify the most suitable drugs for diseases through AI as it creates a remarkable perks on the efficiency time and cost.

Patient design

Patient Design includes patients’ input and involvement in drug designs, trials and even decision-making. It is interesting that the FDA created its own patient engagement advisory board to make sure the patients demands heard..
All the Pharmaceutical companies need to follow the FDA in this regard and recently the FDA approved the first artificial pancreas two years after the DIY artificial pancreas was made publicly available.

Robotic integration

The greater technological advancement raises the integration of robots in the drug manufacturing processes where they can automate tasks in different tasks.
Robotics, in the form of exoskeletons can take up heavy loads and long hours assisting the manual labors.

Blockchain Technology

Blockchain could bring a radical security measure to the drug distribution chain via a barcode record system that can be tracked from the manufacturer to the end user. This way, medicines
can be tracked in real-time by authorized parties and patients, making it much more difficult for criminal networks to thrive. By being a simple yet secure measure, we will see pharma companies investing more and more into blockchain.

New drug strategies

Pharma companies will focus on newer approaches in drug manufacturing relying on technology to appeal more to providers and payers.

Example:

The “around the pill” strategy is one such New drug strategies.It’s about developing a drug and attaching a digital health technology to it instead
Roche created mySugr app diabetes management app and paired it with Roche’s Accu-Chek Guide glucose meter.
This helps patients to manage their condition by just logging in their blood glucose levels, completing tasks and challenges, users can “tame their diabetes monster”.

Hello readers, Today we present here Aptitude Reasoning Previous Question Paper Solved Answers for all the pharmacy examination whether it is Drug Inspector or any corporate pharmaceutical interview for recruitment of job vacancies.

Aptitude/Reasoning/Subject specialisation previous years solved questions with answers

1. If the following numbers are rewritten by interchanging the digits in ten’s place and hundred’s
place and then arranging them in the descending order. What will be the second digit of the newly
formed fifth number from your right ?
479, 736, 895, 978, 389, 675
(A) 3
(B) 4 (C) 5
(D) 6
Ans : (C)
2. P is 60 m South-East of Q. R is 60 m North-East of Q. Then R is in which direction of P ?
(A) North
(B) North-East
(C) South
(D) South-East
Ans : (A)
Directions’(Q. 3’5) Read the following information for answering the questions that follow’
On a playing ground A, B, C, D and E are standing as described below facing the North.
(i) B is 50 metres to the right of D.
(ii) A is 60 metres to the South of B
(iii) C is 40 metres to the West of D.
(iv) E is 80 metres to the North of A.
3. If a boy walks from C, meets D followed by B, A and then E, how many metres has he walked if
he has travelled the straight distance all through ?
(A) 120
(B) 150
(C) 170
(D) 230
Ans : (D)

4. What is the minimum distance (in metre approximately) between C and E?
(A) 53
(B) 78
(C) 92
(D) 120
Ans : (C)
5. Who is to the South-East of the person who is to the left of D ?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) E
Ans : (A)
6. A man was walking in the evening just before the sun set. His wife said that, his shadow fell on
his right. If the wife was walking in the opposite direction of the man, then which direction the
wife was facing ?
(A) North
(B) West
(C) South
(D) East
Ans : (C)

Directions’(Q. 7’11) In each of the following questions choose the set of numbers from the four
alternative sets that is similar to the given set.
7. Given set : (4, 9, 18)
(A) (8, 14, 22)
(B) (10, 15, 25)
(C) (6, 12, 23)
(D) (12, 17, 26)
Ans : (D)
8. Given set : (10, 14, 17)
(A) (4, 11, 14)
(B) (9, 12,
(C) (8, 13, 18)
(D) (6, 9, 12)
Ans : (A)
9. Given set : (7, 27, 55)
(A) (21, 35 , 52)
(B) (18, 42 , 65)
(C) (16, 40 , 72)
(D) (13, 30 , 58)
Ans : (C)
10. Given set : (39, 28, 19)
(A) (84, 67 , 52)
(B) (52, 25 , 17)
(C) (70, 49 , 36)
(D) (65, 45 , 21)
Ans : (A)
11. Given set : (246, 257, 358)
(A) (233, 343, 345)
(B) (273, 365, 367)
(C) (143, 226, 237)
(D) (145, 235, 325)
Ans : (A)

Directions’(Q. 12’16) Each question contains six or seven statements followed by four sets of
combinations of three. Choose the set in which the statements are logically related.
12.
(1) All books are having pages.
(2) All kings are having pages.
(3) All kings are books.
(B) 4, 2, 6
(C) 1, 5, 3
(D) 2, 4, 5
Ans : (B)
Directions’(Q. 17’21) Each of the questions below consists of a question and two statements
numbered (I) and (II). You have to decide whether the data provided in the statements are
sufficient to answer the question. Give answers’
(A) If the data in statement (I) alone are sufficient to answer the question, while the data in
statement (II) alone are not sufficient to answer the question;
(B) If the data in statement (II) alone are sufficient to answer the question, while the data in
statement (I) alone are not sufficient to answer the questions;
(C) If the data even in both statements (I) and (II) together are not sufficient to answer the
question;
(D) If the data in both statement (I) and (II) together are necessary to answer the question.
17. In which direction is Mahatmaji’s statue facing ?
I. The statue is towards the northern end of the city.
II. The statue’s shadow falls towards East at 5 O’clock in the evening.
Ans : (C)
18. What is the total number of pupils in the final year class ?
I. The number of boys in the final year class is twice as much as the number of girls in that class.
II. The sum of the ages of all the pupils in the class is 399 years and their average age is 19
years.
Ans : (B)
19. Who is the tallest among A, B, C and D ?
I. A is taller than C.
II. B is taller than C and D.
Ans : (C)
20. How many Sundays are there in a particular month of a particular year?
I. The month begins on Monday.
II. The month ends on Wednesday.
Ans : (D)
21. What is the total number of pages in this book ?
I. I counted 132 pages from the beginning of this book.
II. My wife counted 138 pages starting from the end of the same book.
Ans : (C)

Directions’(Q. 22’26) In each of the questions given below, there is a statement followed by  three assumptions numbered I, II and III. An assumption is something supposed or taken for granted. You have to consider the statement and assumptions and then decide, which of the
assumption(s) is/are implicit in the statement.

22. Statement : During pre-harvest kharif seasons, the government has decided to release vast quantity of foodgrains from FCI.
Assumptions :I. There may be a shortage of foodgrains in the market during this season.
II. The kharif crop may be able to replenish the stock of FCI.
III. There may be a demand from the farmers to procure kharif crop immediately after harvest.
(A) None is implicit
(B) Only I and II are implicit (C) Only II and III are implicit (D) All are implicit
Ans : (D)
23. Statement : To improve the employment situation in India, there is a need to recast the
present educational system towards implementation of scientific discoveries in daily life.
Assumptions :I. The students after completing such education may be able
to earn their livelihood.
II. This may bring meaning of education in the minds of the youth.
III. The state may earn more revenue as more and more people will engage themselves in self
employment.
(A) Only I and II are implicit
(B) Only III is implicit
(C) Only I and III are implicit
(D) None is implicit
Ans : (A)
24. Statement : To increase profit, the oil exporting countries decided to reduce the production of
crude by 5 million barrels per day. Assumptions :I. The price of crude may increase due to less
production. II. The demand of crude may remain same in future.
III. Other countries may continue buying crude from these countries. (A) All are implicit
(B) Only II and III are implicit (C) Only I and II are implicit (D) None is implicit
Ans : (C)
25. Statement : ’We do not want you to see our product on newspaper, visit our shop to get a full
view.’ ’ an advertisement.
Assumptions :I. People generally decide to purchase any product after seeing the name in the
advertisement.
II. Uncommon appeal may attract the customers. III. People may come to see the product.
(A) All are implicit
(B) None is implicit
(C) Only II and III are implicit
(D) Only I and II are implicit
Ans : (A)
26. Statement : The Reserve Bank of India has directed the banks to refuse fresh loans to major
defaulters.
Assumptions :I. The banks may still give loans to the defaulters.
II. The defaulters may repay the earlier loan to get fresh loan.
III. The banks may recover the bad loans through such harsh measures.
(A) All are implicit
(B) None is implicit
(C) Both II and III are implicit
(D) Both I and II are implicit
Ans : (C)
Directions’(Q. 27’31) In questions given below, statements 1 and 2 are followed by conclusions I
and II. Taking the statements to be right although they may seem at variance with commonly
accepted facts, mark your answers as under’
(A) If only conclusion I follows.
(B) If only conclusion II follows.
(C) If both I and II follows.
(D) Neither I nor II follows.
27. Statements :
1. All hands are machines.
2. All machines are wheels.
Conclusions :I. All wheels are hands.
II. All hands are wheels.
Ans : (B)
28. Statements :
1. Some buds are leaves.
2. Some leaves are red. Conclusions :
I. Some buds are red.
II. Some leaves are not buds.
Ans : (B)
29. Statements :
1. Some stones are shells.
2. All shells are pearls.
Conclusions :
I. Some stones are pearls.
II. All pearls are shells.
Ans : (A)
30. Statements :
1. Brown is red and blue is green.
2. Green is pink and yellow is red. Conclusions :
I. Yellow is brown.
II. Pink is blue.
Ans : (C)

Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes—is a condition in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia glycosuria, hyperlipemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes ketonemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).

There are three main types of diabetes:

Type 1 diabetes: results from the body’s failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin.
Type 2 diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency.
Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy.

Diagnosis

EPIDIMEOLOGY:

There is an increase in the prevalence of type 1diabetes also, but main cause of diabetic epidemic is type2 diabetes mellitus, which accounts for more than 90 percent of all diabetes cases. According to World Health Organization (WHO) reports, India had 32 million diabetic people in the year 2001. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimates the total number of diabetic subjects to be around 40.9 million in India and this is further set to rise to 69.9 million by the year 2025. The majority of cases of diabetes fall into two broad etiopathogenetic categories now called type 1 and T2 DM. The etiologic classification of diabetes mellitus currently recommended by WHO and the ADA in 1997.

ORAL HYPOGYCEMIC DRUGS

 Biguanide Metformin

 Sulfonylureas Glimepiride,gliclazide,glipizide,glyburide,glibenclamide

 Meglitinides Repaglinide,nateglinide

 Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors) Sitagliptin,vildagliptin,saxagliptin,alogliptin,linagliptin

 Thiazolidinediones (PPAR-γ agonists) Pioglitazone,rosiglitazone

 α-Glucosidase inhibitors Acarbose,miglitol,voglibose

 Dopamine D2-receptor agonists Bromocriptine

SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION

 Insulin Rapid, short, intermediate, and long-acting formulations.

 Newer insulins Insulin detemir, insulin glulisine, insulin degludec

 GLP-1 agonists Exenatide, liraglutide,albiglutide,lixisenatide,taspoglutide

 Amylin analogue Pramlintide

RECENT DRUGS

Sodium–glucose-cotransporter-2 (SGL2) inhibitors

Dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ASP1941, LX4211, and BI10773

11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-1 inhibitors

INCB13739 (200 mg) DUAL PPAR (γ +α) AGONIST

Aleglitazar Glucokinase activator Piragliatin, compound 14,

R1511, AZD1656, AZD6370, compound 6 Bile acid sequestrants Colesevelam

Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody Otelixizumab, teplizumab Cannabinoid receptor-1 antagonists

Rimonabant Histamine H3 receptor agonist Proxyfan

Glucagon receptor antagonists Compound 1 (cpd 1)

Atherogenics antioxidant/vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

Succinobucol/AGI 1067

Recombinant human glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (rhgad65) Vaccine, induces immunotolerization IL-1 antagonist

Anakinra Insulin action enhancers

Gip antagonists Sirtuins

Adipose tissue signals

In-vivo Screening Procedures For Anti-Diabetic Drugs

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

In-vivo Screening Procedures
1. Models For Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus [IDDM]
2. Models For NIDDM
3 Models For Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Like Activity

Animals Used For The Screening Of Anti-Diabetic Drug

Obese mouse
Diabetic mouse
Sand mouse [Psammomys obesus]
Spiny mouse [Acomys cahirinus]
BB rats
KK mouse
Yellow mouse
NOD mouse
Yellow KK mouse
New Zealand obese mouse
Tuco-tuco [clenomys talarum]- these are burrowing rodents from Argentina.
Chinese hamster [Cricetulus griseus]

Chemical Agents Capable Of Inducing Diabetes

A) Irreversible beta cytotoxic agents:
Alloxan
Streptozocin
Diphenyl thiocarbazine
Oxine-9- hydroxyquinolone
Vacor

B) Reversible beta cytotoxic agents

6- aminonicotinamide
l-asparginase
Cyanide
Cyproheptadine

C) Other agents
Anti insulin antibodies
Somatostatins
Catecholamines

1. Models For Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus [IDDM]
Alloxan induced diabetes
Alloxan: is a cyclic urea compound, which induces permanent diabetes.
It is a highly reactive molecule, which produces free radical damage to beta islet cells & causes cell death.
Dose: – In rats Alloxan at dose of 100 mg/kg produces diabetes.
In rabbits dose of 150 mg/kg infused through marginal ear vein produces diabetes in 70% of the animals.

PPT Anti Diabetic In vivo screening procedure antididabetic drugs
Procedure: –

Albino rats of either sex [150-200g] are injected with a single dose of alloxan monohydrate [100 mg/kg body weight] dissolved in normal saline by i.p. route.

Blood glucose levels show triphasic response with hyperglycemia for one hour followed by hypoglycemia that lasts for six hours & stable hyperglycemia after 48 hours.

Animals showing fasting blood glucose level above 140 mg/dl after 48 hour of alloxan administration are considered diabetic
For a period of six weeks, drug samples to be screened are administered orally
After six weeks of treatment, blood samples are collected from 8 hour fasting animals through a caudal vein
Serum is separated by centrifuge (3000 rpm) under cooling (2-4 °C) for ten minutes
The serum glucose level is estimated by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method [GOD-POD kit] using autoanalyser.

1.2 Streptozotocin induced diabetes

Streptozotocin: is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which causes beta islet cell damage by free radical generation.
It induces diabetes in almost all species of animals excluding rabbits and guinea pigs.
Dose: – Diabetogenic dose: In Mice: 200mg/kg i.p
Beagle dogs: 15 mg/ kg i.v for three days.

Procedure: –
Streptozotocin [60 mg/kg body weight] is prepared in citrated buffer [ph 4.5]
Albino rats of either sex weighing 150-200 g are injected i.p with above solution
Animals showing fasting blood glucose levels > 140mg/dl after 48 hours of streptozotocin administration are considered diabetic.
· After six weeks of treatment blood samples are collected from 6 hr fasted animals through caudal vein
·Serum is separated by centrifuge (3000 rpm) under cooling (2-4 °C) for ten minutes
· Serum glucose level is estimated by glucose- peroxidase method [GOD-POD kit] using autoanalyser.

1.3 Virus induced diabetes

Principle: –
Viruses are one of the etiological agents for IDDM. They produce diabetes mellitus by infecting and destroying beta cells of pancreas.
Various human viruses used for inducing diabetes include RNA picornovirus, encephalomyocarditis [EMC-D], coxsackie B4 [CB-4].

Procedure: –
6-8 week old mice are inoculated by 0.1 ml of 1:50 dilutions of D-variant encephalomyocarditis [EMC] through i.p.

0.1ml of above dilution contains 50 PFU [ plaque forming units] of EMC virus.(mortality due to this concentration of virus is approximately 10-20%)
Less infecting variant produces a comparable damage by eliciting autoimmune reactivity to the beta cells.

· Infected animals are considered hyperglycemic if there non fasting levels exceed by 250mg/dl the levels of uninfected animals of the same strain.
· Drug samples to be screened are administered orally for a period of 6 weeks
· After 6 weeks of drug treatment, blood glucose estimation is done to determine the anti diabetic activity.

Here is the template format for M Pharmacy Project B Pharmacy PHD projects. Every one needs to design the first page I mean title of the thesis when we need to submit the project finally. So we pharmawiki team thought it would really HELPFUL FOR ALL THE M Pharmacy Project B Pharmacy PHD projects students to submit their thesis with ease.

—-M Pharmacy Project B Pharmacy PHD project Thesis:

All you need in this TITLE PAGE of this Thesis is a list of the below:

• Title of the Project you have done
•  thesis Submitted for the AWARD
• of
• Your Stream of Study
• To
• University Logo
• University name
• By
• Your Name
• Department Logo 
• Department Name 
• College Name 
• University Name 
• Address 
• Pincode

Title of the Project:

Example :

The Matrix-Binding Domain of Microfibril-Associated Glycoprotein-1 Targets 

ACTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR TO A FIBROBLAST-PRODUCED EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
TISSUE RECOMBINANTS TO STUDY EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX TARGETING TO BASEMENT MEMBRANES.

A STUDY OF DESIGNING NOVEL A_2A ADENOSINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST-A COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH.

 Thesis Submitted for the AWARD of

Your Stream of Study

Example :

MASTER of PHarmacy

IN PARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

University Logo

Example

Title page for thesis Submission M Pharmacy Project B Pharmacy PHD projects

BY

Your Name

Example :

Purnima Robinson

Department Logo

Department Name

Example  Department of Pharmacy

College Name

University Name

Address

Pincode

Thesis Title Template M Pharm B Pharmacy Projects PHD Format

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pH Partition Hypothesis is one of the PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN GIT ABSORPTION OF DRUGS. This can be understood clearly as a sub topic of pH Partition Hypothesis Factors Affecting GastroIntestinal Absorption of Drugs.

Explanation:

As we all know Drugs that are weakly acidic or weakly basic generally undergo ionization and their absorption can be explained by the drug’s pKa, lipophilicity, and GI pH.
In contrast to the capillary walls, cell membranes were able to act as effective barriers during the absorption of drugs. MH Jacobs in 1940 reported the cellular permeation characteristics of weakly electrolytic solutions designated the permeability of nonionic species quantitatively. After his studies, many studies followed and led to the hypothesis of pHpartition theory (Maza´k and Nosza´l, 2014). This theory compared the dissociation constant, lipophilicity, and pH with absorption. Knowledge of the exact ionization of the drug is important as the unionized form has greater lipophilicity than its ionized counterpart. pH partition hypothesis can be explained by the Henderson
Hasselbach equations. Check the image for the Henderson
Hasselbach equations for acids and Henderson
Hasselbach equations for bases.

For acids,
pH5pKa1log
ionized
unionized

pH partition hypothesis can be explained by the Henderson
Hasselbach equations as follows:

And for bases,
pH5pKa1log
unionized
ionized

Most of the absorption studies confirmed the accuracy of this hypothesis. However, there are certain limitations to it. These are related to the unstirred water layer, the microclimate
pH, and the mucous coat adjacent to the epithelial cells.

Note :

For drugs to cross the lipid membrane they need to have some solubility in the lipid membrane and to get dissolved in GIT they have to have aqueous solubility. Unionized forms can undergo passive diffusion to get transported as they has lipid solubility, but the ionized form is required for the solubility of the drug in the GIT. Drugs that are weakly acidic and weakly basic, generally undergo ionization (Yang et al., 2012).

Mostly drugs are developed as salts of weak bases or weak acids to have good solubility and absorption. These salt forms are ionizable and therefore their solubility is pH dependent. The following equations can be derived to understand the pH-dependent solubility of the drugs from the dissociation of monoprotonated conjugate acid from a base.

Deadly Diseases Causing Deaths Worldwide Daily As the world population is increasing in multifold the diseases affecting lives is even grosser. The foremost organization that keeps records of all the statistics regarding health, WHO, has given some estimation about the scenario as a whole. WHO says across worldwide, most people in wealthy countries would reasonably expect to die in older age. In low-income countries though, children aged under 5 years are the most at risk of dying. Let us see how the mortality rate of people has been affected in the recent past.

During the past decade, the deadly causes of death have been Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive lung disease and lower respiratory infections including cancers. Heart disease is caused by a build-up of fatty deposits on the wall of the arteries, for other conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes (Diabetes caused 1.6 million (2.8%) deaths in the last 5 years) responsible for nearly 9 million deaths every year. This disease is deadly that narrow down the patient’s arteries restricting blood and oxygen flow to the heart, potentially leading to a fatal heart attack. Non-deadly attacks cause chest pain known as angina, which can proceed with a heart attack. Lung disease, particularly lung cancer stands at top 5 of the 10 diseases being responsible for over 1.6 million deaths worldwide. Lung cancer is very common in smokers and is an aggressive and serious form of cancer accounting for 85% of cases. In China, it is the most common type of cancer along with Countries such as Spain and Hungary and India is also highly affected by the disease.

Chronic diseases have remained the top killers causing increasing numbers of deaths worldwide. TB remains a significant threat as one of the topmost in the world in which 1/3rd of the world’s population is infected. TB bacteria every year, causes over 9 million cases resulting in around 1.4 million deaths. Deaths due to Alzheimer and Dementias more than doubled in the last 20 years, making it the 7th leading cause of global deaths in recent times.

Seasonal flu kills 291,000 to 646,000 people worldwide each year, Healthy people can be infected by the influenza virus and transmit it to others. But young children, elderly people, pregnant women, and people with certain medical conditions are at greater risk of suffering serious complications from the flu. Various kind of Injuries continues to kill 5 million people each year including road traffic injuries. About 3700 lives each day are lost, among which three-quarters being males.

Another life-threatening disease is HIV+ causing AIDS is mostly spread worldwide. As a public health threat by 2030, countries need to live up to their commitment to end AIDS. In September 2015, it is a target included in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. This is an estimation to prevent almost 300 000 deaths per year. The HIV-related deaths are still unacceptably high and it poses an immediate challenge to reach the Fast-Track targets for 2020 that include reducing the number of people dying from HIV-related causes fewer than 500 000.

The outbreak of Covid-19, a coronavirus-caused illness that originated in Wuhan, China, and has since spread to most of the world, is one of the most serious public health crises in decades. The virus has spread far wider than Ebola did in 2014 and is in pandemic stage according to WHO. So far it has it the regions of the UK, USA, Korea, Japan, Iran, Italy and now India causing several deaths. If soon the measures not taken this would become the maximum cause of death rate throughout the world creating an epidemic.

Top 10 Causes of Death globally

 

 

Top 20 Causes 4 Death || Deadly Diseases Causing Deaths Worldwide