Cetrizine COLD act Tablet Syrup || Child Adults Dose || Uses || Side Effects || Structure

cetrizine kids adult dosage side affects

Cetirizine comes as a tablet, a chewable tablet, an extended release tablet, and a syrup (liquid) to take by mouth. It is usually taken once a day with or without food.
Cetirizine hydrochloride, is an orally active and selective H1-receptor antagonist. The chemical name is (±) – [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid, dihydrochloride. Cetirizine hydrochloride is a racemic compound with an empirical formula of C21H25ClN2O3•2HCl.

The molecular weight is 461.82

cetrizine kids adult dosage side affects

Cetirizine USES

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis:

This is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as ragweed, grass and tree pollens in adults and children 2 years of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, tearing, and redness of the eyes.

Perennial Allergic Rhinitis:

Cetrizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds in adults and children 6 months of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, and tearing.

Chronic Urticaria:

Cetrizine is indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults and children 6 months of age and older. It
significantly reduces the occurrence, severity, and duration of hives and significantly reduces pruritus.

Citrizine Adult and kids dosages

Tablet

5 mg
10 mg
Tablet, oral-disintegrating

10 mg
Tablet, chewable

5 mg
10 mg
Syrup

5 mg/5 ml
Solution

5 mg/5 ml
Geriatric

5 mg orally once per day, may increase to 10 mg per day maximum, depending on the severity of the symptoms, not to exceed 5 mg per day in patients over 77 years old

Cetrizine side effects

drowsiness
excessive tiredness
dry mouth
stomach pain
diarrhea
vomiting

Cetirizine Mechanism of Actions:

Cetirizine, a human metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine; its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors. The
antihistaminic activity of cetirizine has been clearly documented in a variety of animal and human models. In vivo and ex vivo animal models have shown negligible anticholinergic and
antiserotonergic activity. In clinical studies, however, dry mouth was more common with cetirizine than with placebo. In vitro receptor binding studies have shown no measurable affinity
for other than H1 receptors. Autoradiographic studies with radiolabeled cetirizine in the rat have shown negligible penetration into the brain. Ex vivo experiments in the mouse have shown that
systemically administered cetirizine does not significantly occupy cerebral H1 receptors.

Cetirizine Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption:

Cetirizine was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of approximately 1 hour following oral administration of tablets or syrup in adults. Comparable bioavailability was found between the tablet and syrup dosage forms. When healthy volunteers
were administered multiple doses of cetirizine (10 mg tablets once daily for 10 days), a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 311 ng/mL was observed. No accumulation was observed.
Cetirizine pharmacokinetics were linear for oral doses ranging from 5 to 60 mg. Food had no effect on the extent of cetirizine exposure (AUC) but Tmax was delayed by 1.7 hours and Cmax
was decreased by 23% in the presence of food.

Distribution:

The mean plasma protein binding of cetirizine is 93%, independent of concentration in the range of 25-1000 ng/mL, which includes the therapeutic plasma levels
observed.

Metabolism:

A mass balance study in 6 healthy male volunteers indicated that 70% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 10% in the feces. Approximately 50%
of the radioactivity was identified in the urine as unchanged drug. Most of the rapid increase in peak plasma radioactivity was associated with parent drug, suggesting a low degree of first-pass
metabolism. Cetirizine is metabolized to a limited extent by oxidative O-dealkylation to a metabolite with negligible antihistaminic activity. The enzyme or enzymes responsible for this
metabolism have not been identified.

Elimination:

The mean elimination half-life in 146 healthy volunteers across multiple pharmacokinetic studies was 8.3 hours and the apparent total body clearance for cetirizine was
approximately 53 mL/min.

Interaction Studies
Pharmacokinetic interaction studies with cetirizine in adults were conducted withpseudoephedrine, antipyrine, ketoconazole, erythromycin and azithromycin. No interactions were
observed. In a multiple dose study of theophylline (400 mg once daily for 3 days) and cetirizine (20 mg once daily for 3 days), a 16% decrease in the clearance of cetirizine was observed. The
disposition of theophylline was not altered by concomitant cetirizine administration.

Trade names of Cetirizine

 

A Cet (10mg)
A Cet (60ml)
A Cold
A Cold Susp.
A -Rest
Aalervin Plus (60 ml)
Aaptol CZ
Aceper
Acet (10mg)
Acit (10mg)
Affycet (10mg)
Aglocet
Aglocet
Aglocet (10mg)
Aglocet (30ml)
Agrocet (10mg)
Agrus NS
Agrus NS
Aiday (10mg)
Airtis (5mg) (Cetirizine)Alcare (10mg)
Alce (10mg)
Alcet (10mg)
Alcet (10mg) (Acron Pharma)
Alcet (10mg) (Acron Pharma)
Alcet (10mg) (Jocund India)
Alcet (10mg) (Pharmatech)
Alcet (Suzikem Drugs) (10mg)
Alcoryl
Alday (10mg)
Alday tab (10mg)
Alego (10mg)
Alerbloc (10mg)
Alerbloc (60ml)
Alergid (10mg)
Alergo (10mg)
Alerid
Alerid
Alerid
Alerid (10mg)Alerid (30ml)
Alerid Cold
Alerid Cold
Alernyl
Alertac (10mg)
Alertac (60ml)
Alertac Paed (5mg)
Alervin (10mg)
Alervin (60ml)
Alervin Plus
Alerzo (10mg)
Alger (5mg)
Alger (60ml)
Algine (10mg)
Alid (10mg)
All Care Plus
Allercet
Allercet
Allercet
Allercet (10mg)
Allercet (60ml)
Allercet P (5mg)
Allerhin (10mg)
Allerhin (60ml)
Allerzine (10mg)
Allicet (10mg)
Allset
Alocet (60ml)
Alquit (10mg)
Alrin Plus
Alvin (10mg)
Alzine Plus
Ambrolite-D (5mg/10mg/5mg/1.5mg/5mL)
Ambrolite-D (5mg/10mg/5mg/1.5mg/5mL)
Amven-C (2.5mg/30mg)
Analar (10mg)
Analer -C
Ancet (10mg)
Anncold
Anoril
Antized (10mg)
Antized (30ml)
Antized Plus
Anzin (10mg)
Ariwa
Arizine (10mg)
Arrest
Arzyt (10mg)
Atcet (10mg)
Atcet MD (10mg)
Atozine (10mg)
Avcet (10mg)
Avil-NU
Avizin (10mg)
Avizin (60ml)
AZ (10mg)
Bancet (10mg)
Bealert (10mg)
Benz AP
Benz -AP
Bio act (10mg)
Bio -Cold
Bioder Plus
Bio-Drug Laboratories Pvt Ltd
Biozin (10mg)
Bocet -BD
Brick
Brodcet
Cetiriz (10mg)
Cetiriz (30ml)
Cetirizine (10mg)
Cetirizine-Di Hcl (10mg)
Cetiz (10mg)
Cetiz (10mg) (safe)
Cetiz (10mg) (vega pharma)
Cetlar (10 mg)
Cetlong
Cetlong
Cetlong (10mg)
Cetlong (50ml)
Cetmac (10mg)
Cetmac (30ml)
Cetmax (10mg)
Cet-Max (10mg)
Cetmex (20mg)
Cetnac (10mg)
Cetnaz (10mg)
Cetnet (10mg)
Cetnyl
Cetoday (10mg)
Cetoday Plus
Ceton – P
Ceton (10mg)
Ceton (30ml)
Cetos (10mg)
Cetoz (10mg)
Cetpine (30ml)
Cet-Q (10mg)
Cetra
Cetra (10mg)
Cetracare MD (10mg)
Cetract (10mg)
Cetrad (30ml)
Cetrahist (30ml)
Cetram (10mg)
Cetramac (10mg)
Cetree (10mg)
Cetrezol (10mg)
Cetrezol (5mg)
Cetrezol (60ml)
Cetrezol-D
Cetrezol-D Forte
Cetri (10mg)
Cetri -Plus
Cetricent-DT (10mg)
Cetrich (10mg)
Cetricon (10mg)
Cetrid (10mg)
Cetrid OD (10mg)
Cetridoc (10mg)
Cetrid-OD
Cetriken (10mg)
Cetril (10mg)
Cetril (30ml)
Cetrila (10mg)
Cetrila (60ml)
Cetrila Plus
Cetrila Plus (50 ml)
Cetril-DT (10mg)
Cetrilin (10mg)
Cetrilin (30ml)
Cetrilin (5mg)
Cetrimin (10mg)
Cetrimol (10mg)
Cetrimol P
Cetrimol Plus
Cetrina-MD (10mg)
Cetrine
Cetrine
Cetrine (10mg)
Cetrine (60ml)
Cetrino (10mg)
Cetrisan (10mg)
Cetrish (10mg)
Cetrison (10mg)
Cetrison (60ml)
Cetrisyn (10mg)
Cetritab (10mg)
Cetritop (10mg)
Cetriwal (10mg)
Cetriwin (10mg)
Cetrix
Cetriz (10mg)
Cetrizet (10mg)
Cetrizet (5mg)
Cetrizine (10mg)
Cetrizine (10mg) (Low Cost)
Cetroffin (10mg)
Cetrose (10mg)
Cetscal (10mg)
Cettop (10mg)
Cetup (10mg) (UPS Healthcare)
Ceture-DT (10mg)
Cetven DT (10mg)
Cetven-DT
Cetvil (10mg)
Cetvil (60ml)
Cet-Z (10mg)
Cetzen (10mg)
Cetzest
Cetzest
Cetzid-DT (10mg)
Cetzikan (10mg)
Cetzin (30ml)
Cetzine
Cetzine
Cetzine
Cetzine (10mg)
Cetzine (60ml)
Cetzy (10mg)
Cez
Cez (10mg)
Cezcold
Cezen (10mg)
Cezor (10mg)
Cheston Cold
Cheston Cold (Susp.)
Cinzim
Cistin (10mg)
Cistin (60ml)
Citerid (10mg)
CITI (10mg)
Citiz (10mg)
Citizen DT (10mg)
Citmol -D
Citol (60ml)
Citol DT (10mg)
Citol Plus
Citraclor (10mg)
Citrazan (10mg)
Citri A (10mg)
Citrimin (10mg)
Citrimin (30ml)
Citrimin D
Citrimin D (50 ml)
Citriz (10mg)
Citrizine (10mg)
Cizeb (10mg)
Claritec (10mg)
Cofstop Z
Cold Best
Cold Releive
Cold Relief
Coldace CT
Coldar +
Coldar + (50 ml)
Coldariv
Coldariv – All
Colday Plus
Colday Plus (60 ml)
Coldec (5mg/500mg/10mg/5mg)
Coldeon Plus
Colder + (50 ml)
Coldmed Plus
Coldrest
Coldrid
Coldstil
Coldtil
Coldwar Tab
Coldy
Combit
Confree
Cope (10mg)
Cor-4
Coriz
Corycet
Coryza – CT
Coszin (10mg)
Coszin (30ml)
CPS – 30
Crab (10mg)
CT (10mg)
CT Cold
CTZ (10mg)
Cypzine (10mg)
CZ 3 (10mg)
CZ 3 (60ml)
Cz Cold
CZ-3
CZ-3
D – CD
D – Ice
D Cet (10mg)
D Quill
Daily (10mg)
Decet -BD
Decet -BD (100 ml)
Decet -BD (200 ml)
Decet -OD
Decocet Plus
Dexphen
Dextur
Dezist
Dio 1 (10mg)
Disnee tablets
Dnip
Dofcet (10mg)
Doriz (10mg)
Drinzine
Drykof
E Cet MD (10mg)
Ecitra (10mg)
Effmin – CZ
Ekon (30ml)
Ekon DT (10mg)
Ekon DT (5mg)
Elart (10mg)
Elcet (10mg)
Elcold
Elgnil
Elgnil (10mg)
Elgnil cold
Eltrazin (10mg)
Eltrazin (10mg)
Eltrizin (10mg)
ELU
Embargo (10mg)
Encet – D Plus
Encet (10mg)
Encold-P Tablet (5mg/325mg/5mg/30mg)
Endocard India Pvt.Ltd
Enecet (30ml)
Enecet -P
Enocet (10mg)
Ephiros
Ephiros
Esnopil
Esnopil Syrup
Etric DT (10mg)
Etrizin (10mg)
Excet (10mg)
Excet (60ml)
Eze DT (10mg)
Ezi
Fastcet (10mg)
Fastcet (30ml)
Fazine (5mg)
Fazine DT (10mg)
Fedrine 555
Fila-Cet
Flamoset (60ml)
Flomicet (10mg)
Floramin (10mg)
Flu 4XN
Fluban
Flugo Plus
Fomicet (10mg)
Formicet (10mg)
Fricold
Fulday (10mg)
Glycold
Grecet (10mg)
Gripcold -Plus
GRS Cet (10mg)
Haricold (100 ml)
Haricold (60 ml)
Hicet
Hicet (10mg)
Hicet (30ml)
Hicet DT (10mg) (Flora)
Hicet-DC (10mg/10mg)
Hiikold CZ
Hisdin CT (10mg)
Hisnofil
Hisnofil (10mg)
Hist OD (10mg)
Histacet (10mg)
Histacet -DA
Histacid (10mg)
Histanit (50ml)
Histazin (10mg)
Histodan Z
Hycet (10mg)
Hydrozet
Ifycet – P2
Ifycet DT (10mg)
Ifycet P
Illah (10mg)
IN Cold
Inalam (10mg)
Incetin (10mg)
Incetin (60ml)
Incez
Incez
Incez (60ml)
Incez DT (10mg)
Incid L (10mg)
Incid L (60ml)
Incold Syrup
Indikof -A
Intazin (10mg)
Intazin (30ml)
Intazin (5mg)
Isorid
Isorid
Jecet (10mg)
Jocet (10mg)
Jolly
Jpee (10mg)
Jyocet (10mg)
Jyocet -P
Kap
Kazicold
Kidcet
Kidcet (60ml)
Kidcold Z
Kofcet DT (10mg)
Kofrid
Kofrid D (60 ml)
Kofrid D Syr (100ml)
Kold Clear
Kold Time
Kolder Plus
Konokold
L Cid (10mg)
L R G (10mg)
Lacold
Lancizin (10mg)
Lancizin (60ml)
Lecet (10mg)
Lemohist C
Lergi (10mg)
Leucold
Lexicet (10mg)
Lgnil (30ml)
Lifcet (10mg)
Lifcet Cold
Lifcet Cold (60 ml)
Lynacold
Lynacold (60 ml)
M Cet (10mg)
M Cet (30ml)
M Cit DT (10mg)
Marcold Tab
Mastifen-C
Mcet (10mg)
Mcet (30ml)
M-CIT
Merihist
Metacet -Cold
Metacold
Metriz (10mg)
Morazin (10mg)
Morazin (60ml)
Moredrill
MucoRespules-CZ (30mg/2.5mg/5mL)
Myzin (10mg)
N Cet Cold
N Zin (10mg)
N Zin (30ml)
Nacet (10mg)
Nacold
Nam Cold (60 ml)
Nam Cold Paed DPS (125mg/15mg/2mg)
Nam Cold paed drops
Nam Cold Syr
Nam Cold Z
Nancold
Natcold Plus
Nbcet (10mg)
Nemeriv – CP
Neusonil (10mg)
Nimucet Cold
Nine Cold (325mg/10mg/5mg/30mg/100mg)
No Aller (10mg)
Noalzy (10mg)
Noalzy Plus
Noco
Noco Syp
Nucod -PP
Nymopt Cold
Ocet (10mg)
Ocitiriz (10mg)
Odacet (10mg)
Odacet (30ml)
Odacet (60ml)
Odiday (60ml)
Odiday DT (10mg)
Okacet (30ml)
Okacet cold
Olcet (10mg)
Olcit (10mg)
Onacold SF
Onacold Syrup
Oncet (10mg)
Oncet -CF
Oneday (10mg)
Onrhin
Opner -Fast
Opticet (10mg)
Oricet
Osalka (100ml)
Oshzin (10mg)
P -Cold
P -Dex Cold
Pace (Bewell)
Pamagin C
Pamagin C tab
Pancet (10mg)
Paracet
Paracet (60 ml)
Paracet DT (10mg)
Paracold Susp
Parcet
Parcet PP
Plus-War
Precold
Prenoc-Cold
Pseudosit
C Day (10mg)
C -Knot
C T Cold
C Tec (10mg)
Carcet FC
Carcet Forte
CCF
CCFS
Ce-10 (10mg)
Cecold
Cedo Plus
Ceetive PlusCefid (10mg)
Cepar Cold
Ceriz (10mg)
Ceriz (30ml)
Cerizine FT (5mg)
Certen (10mg
Certen D
Certiwon
Certiwon (10mg)
Cet (10mg)
CET (10mg) (libra)
Cet CCF
Cet PLUS
Cetafed
Cetag (10mg)
Cetall (10mg)
Cetanj DP

 

 

 

 

Cold tablet names in Telugu

Cetirizine is indicated for the relief of nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
– Cetirizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Posology and method of administration
Children aged from 6 to 12 years: 5mg twice daily (a half tablet twice daily).
Adults and adolescents over 12 years of age: 10mg once daily (1 tablet)
The tablets need to be swallowed with a glass of liquid.

Cetrizine Overdose

Symptoms
Symptoms observed after an overdose of cetirizine are mainly associated with CNS effects or with effects that could suggest an anticholinergic effect. Adverse events
reported after an intake of at least 5 times the recommended daily dose are: confusion, diarrhoea, dizziness, fatigue, headache, malaise, mydriasis, pruritus, restlessness,
sedation, somnolence, stupor, tachycardia, tremor, and urinary retention.
Management
There is no known specific antidote to cetirizine. Should overdose occur symptomatic or supportive treatment is recommended. Gastric lavage should be considered
following ingestion of a short occurrence. Alternatively consider activated charcoal.
Cetirizine is not effectively removed by dialysis.

Best cough syrup names in India for Adults & Kids – List

Best brand cough syrup names in India

Best cough syrup in India : As we are aware Cough syrups are to be taken based on the type of cough a particular person persist with either dry or wet with sputum. It also depends on the root cause of the cough. Cough could be due to infection, asthma, tuberculosis, bronchitis (swelling of the lining of the lungs) or some medicines like ACE inhibitors. Cough syrups are of following types :

1. Cough suppressants: These are used for dry irritating cough. Usually, these contain a medicine called Dextromethorphan.

2. Expectorants: These are used in cough with mucus or sputum. These generally contain a medicine called guaifenesin.

If cough persists for more than a month, you should not self medicate and should visit your doctor

Best cough syrup names in India for Adults Kids - List

 

Cough Syrup for instant relief

ASCORIL COUGH SYRUP
Manufactured by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ascoril Cough Syrup belongs to the class of drugs called ‘ expectorants ’. This medicine is used to treat sinusitis, cough, common cold , congestion, bronchitis, and breathing problems.

Nature: Expectorant Drug
Uses: Wet cough, Chest congestion, Cold, Asthma, Breathing disorders, Sinusitis, and Bronchitis.
Composition Ambroxol, Guaifenesin, Levosalbutamol
Side Effects Drowsiness, Dizziness, Upset stomach, Blurred Vision, Dry Mouth, Constipation, Dry nose and throat
Precautions Pregnancy, Lactation, Liver and kidney-related ailments, Alcohol Consumption

Cough Syrup for Wet Cough

Benadryl Cough Syrup
If you are looking forward to a cough syrup that addresses both your dry cough as well as wet cough concerns, then it is definitely Benadryl cough syrup that you should opt for. Benadryl cough syrup relieves both dry cough and wet cough problems. You might ask how a single cough syrup can relieve both wet and dry cough?

Benadryl contains mucolytic agent and suppressing agents such as codeine, diphenhydramine which help in getting rid of wet and dry cough respectively. As a bonus, the syrup also helps in soothing your throat and releases the irritation.

Key Benefits of Benadryl Cough Syrup: –
Multi symptoms cough relief.
Soothes a sore throat and cleans it.
The fastest relief provided by a cough syrup for cough & cold problems.
Quick action – Starts acting within 15 minutes of consumption.

Cough Syrup for Dry Cough

Corex Cough Syrup:

It is a combination of Chlorpheniramine that helps in actively reducing inflammation, itchiness and tickling sensation that is known to be caused by cough. Its ingredient, codeine phosphate helps to reduce pain, along with menthol that fights to provide a cooling sensation in your throat. A dosage of 5ml is recommended for adults and kids 1.25-2.5ml is a good dosage. Being on the sedative side due to the anti-histamine agent, it is best recommended for consumption in the night

The common side effects are Headache, Anemia, Tachycardia, constipation, dry mouth.

Cough Syrup for painful Cough

Asthalin Expectorant Cough Syrup:
asthalin syrup for cough

This syrup is combination syrup, one that is made up of Guaiphenesin, an expectorant, and salbutamol, which is a bronchodilator. A dosage of 10-20 ml thrice daily and for children above 6 to 12 years, 10ml thrice daily is the recommended dosage. Make sure to consult your doctor for expert advice before consuming Asthalin.

The syrup is recommended for asthma patients, and for those people who are infected with a cough caused due to Bronchitis, Emphysema and other lung infection. For the pregnant ladies, it is advised to take the advice of the doctor before consuming.

Cough Syrup for Kids Child Cough

HIMALAYA KOFLET

Koflet is beneficial in both productive and dry cough. The mucolytic and expectorant properties reduce the viscosity of bronchial secretions and facilitate expectoration. Koflet’s peripheral antitussive (cough suppressant) action reduces bronchial mucosal irritation and related bronchospasms. In addition, the anti-allergic, antimicrobial and immune-modifying properties provide relief from cough. The demulcent action of Koflet syrup soothes respiratory passages.

Cough Syrup for Infant & Toddler Cough

Timinic Syrup

Ascoril Kid

Kofarest

Chlorpheniramine, dextromethorphan, and phenylephrine is a combination medicine used to treat a cough, runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, itching, and watery eyes caused by allergies, the common cold, or the flu.Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that reduces the effects of natural chemical histamine in the body. Histamine can produce symptoms of sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and runny nose.

Best brand cough syrup names in India

Try these herbal cough syrups to get rid of your irritating cough and cold, the most natural and safe way. These natural ingredients cure the disease without causing any side effects. Please don’t forget to share your experience and feedback in the comments section below.

Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Breastfeeding mothers wonder whether some quick relief from over-the-counter medications could negatively impact their breastfeeding baby. When it comes to your baby no loss can be afforded if it poses even a negligible risk and therefore while taking medications for common cold flu, pregnant women are to follow special instructions. Research shows that some cold and flu medications are better than others when it comes to breastfeeding.
Here are some cold flu medications that are safe while breastfeeding.
The common active ingredients in cold and flu syrups are Dextromethorphan, acetaminophen, and doxylamine succinate along with their generic ingredients.

Dextromethorphan is a cough suppressant commonly used for treating colds in children and adults. It is generally considered safe while breastfeeding.
Acetaminophen, a drug used to treat pain and reduce fever in adults and children, works for pregnant women as well.
A common active ingredient in the nighttime formulations is doxylamine succinate, an antihistamine that causes sedation in its users and can be used for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. This drug is considered safe while breastfeeding yet extensive study is going on.

Another fever reducer and pain medication naming Ibuprofen often used during a cold, also safe for infants of breastfeeding mothers. Even high maternal consumption of ibuprofen leads to very little excretion in breast milk.
Phenylephrine is most commonly used as a nasal decongestant in adults and children. It is generally considered safe while breastfeeding unless there has been high maternal consumption of the drug, and can cause tachycardia and hypertension in sensitive individuals as phenylephrine has poor oral bioavailability.
Pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant commonly used to treat colds, has shown to be secreted in breast milk in extremely low levels and is considered safe while breastfeeding.
During the cold and flu season, nasal sprays are additionally used. These include fluticasone and oxymetazoline (Afrin). Fluticasone is a steroid that is of intranasal use for congested noses and additionally for asthma. When using the medication as indicated, maternal plasma levels are undetectable. Thus, it is unlikely that a significant amount of this drug would pass into breastmilk to affect a breastfeeding infant. Oxymetazoline is another intranasal decongestant used quite frequently for runny noses. Due to the local effect of this drug, it is unlikely that significant levels of this drug would be transferred to a breastfeeding infant and is preferred over oral decongestants during breastfeeding. Oxymetazoline use should be limited to 3 days to avoid rebound congestion.
Vitamin C intake is effective for cold-fighting. Although its efficacy is still in research, it is likely not harmful to supplement while breastfeeding. Even high levels of maternal consumption resulted in only slightly increased levels in breastmilk.

Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding
Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Here is a table to classify the safety level of the medications as per data collected:-

Medication Breastfeeding Class Description
Acetaminophen L1 Extensive data. Compatible.
Dextromethorphan L1 Extensive data. Compatible.
Ibuprofen L1 Extensive data. Compatible.
Vitamin C L1 Limited data. Probably compatible.
Diphenhydramine L2 Limited data. Probably compatible.
Zinc Oxide L2 Limited data. Probably compatible.*
Zinc Salts L2 Limited data. Probably compatible.*
Doxylamine                                   L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Fluticasone L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Guaifenesin L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Ozymetazoline L3 No Data. Probably compatible.
Phenylephrine L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Pseudoephedrine L3 Limited data. Probably compatible
*Avoid early postnatal use when milk levels of zinc are high.

Painkiller / Pain reliever Medications for Dogs – Vetty Suggest Pain Pills

medication for my per dog painkiller

Painkiller/Pain reliever Medications for Dogs are in this article. There is a saying that if you want to experience unconditional love you must own a dog. Naturally, when your dog hurts, it painful to watch and you want to help him feel better. Our society’ structure is such that many stray animals are left out on road without any shelter or treatment they need. This causes an imbalance in the environment and the disease spreads here and there. Your vet will recommend medication based on what’s going or you might already know what the problem is, and you could be searching for a medicine you can use. In the meantime, you can figure out a safe pain reliever for your dog which is equally a tough job. Also, in this article, there are dos and don’ts for treating your dog.

Here are a few ways to help ease the pain of dogs.

medication for my per dog painkiller

Putting up NSAIDs

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) help reduce swelling, stiffness, and joint pain in humans and they can be put to the dogs in need. These are a group of medications, including ibuprofen and aspirin which reduces inflammation, pain and fever. There are special NSAIDs designed just for dogs but in some sort of situations, you can give your dog a human medication.
Some of the NSAIDs for dogs are Meloxicam (Metacam), Carprofen (Novox or Rimadyl), Firocoxib (Previcox) & Deracoxib (Deramaxx). These medications can all be prescribed by your vet. These painkillers can bring relief to a dog with arthritis, or one who’s just had surgery. The vet can also diagnose what’s causing the pain and help to treat that. Likely, your vet might recommend that you give your dog aspirin under their supervision.

 

Painkiller / Pain reliever Medications for Dogs – Vetty Suggest Pain Pills

Other Medications
Usually, NSAIDs are good at relieving pain there is no need for veterinarians to prescribe other kinds of painkillers often. But at times the dogs may require more options. Your vet might prone to suggest you about gabapentin or tramadol.
There are some factors to keep in mind while giving the dogs’ painkillers such as an incorrect dose, problems with mixing medications and sensitivity to human medications can all cause problems. It is to be taken care of that in varied cases human medications given to dogs could cause severe complications including:
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Ulcers
• Holes in the stomach lining
• Liver and kidney damage
Normally, just like humans dogs and other animals are also liable to get some side effects on having painkillers.
You are to watch out for:
• Changes in behavior
• Loss of appetite
• Skin redness
• Digestive issues, including diarrhea and vomiting
Moreover, the vet is much more knowledgeable about the dog’s health, so they can give you more insight about what to look for.

Oxytocin: Functions Drugs Side Effects Contraindications Pharmacokinetics Dynamics

Oxytocin: Functions Drugs Side Effects Contraindications Pharmacokinetics Dynamics

Oxytocin is a hormone, predominately belonging to mammalian family; it is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. After its release in the blood stream it cannot re-enter the brain due to the presence of blood brain barrier .Oxytocin is a hormone that has both peripheral and central actions. y are synthesized in the magnocellular neurons present in the supra–optic and Para –ventricular nucleus present in the hypothalamus. The universally known functions would include its role at the time of labour and ejection of milk. The functions which remain partially unknown are in erectile responses, ejaculation, bonding, and feeling of love and maintenance of eye contact during a conversation. 

Functions and roles of Oxytocin:

Oxytocin plays a key role in establishing trust , falling in love , parturition , milk ejection, mother – child bond , erection and ejaculatory response in males. Oxytocin insuffiency is leads to increased stress and sleep disturbances. The solution to the above mentioned problem lies in creating a drug which can mimic the functional properties of Oxytocin, which was achieved. Oxytocin has been widely used in the field of gynaecology to induce labour. It is also administered to patients i.e. mothers who are unable to produce milk after parturition. The invention of Oxytocin nasal sprays is not unknown. Recommended doses when administered to autism patients are proven to increase the sense of trust at the time of communication.

Mechanism of OXYTOCIN

Oxytocin is a naturally occurring nonapeptide hormone which acts through a G-protein coupled cell surface receptor to stimulate contractions of the uterus. A synthetic version of this hormone is used to induce contractions of the uterus which are indistinguishable from spontaneous labour.

Pharmacokinetics

Oxytocin is administered as a slow intravenous infusion (to induce or augment labour), or as a single intramuscular or intravenous injection to help prevent and treat uterine atony and postpartum haemorrhage. In pregnant women, oxytocin is metabolised very quickly in the maternal circulation by an aminopeptidase enzyme which cleaves the protein leaving it without biological function. This oxytocinase activity is also seen within the placenta and uterine tissue, and activity increases throughout pregnancy where at term the half -life of oxytocin is between 2 and 20 minutes.

Oxytocin: Functions Drugs Side Effects Contraindications Pharmacokinetics Dynamics

Adverse effects

The main side effects are related to overstimulation of the uterus which can compromise the placental blood supply and fetal well-being, and can also contribute to rupture of the uterus especially in women who have had a previous caesarean delivery. Oxytocin is similar in structure to Vasopressin which is also produced by the posterior pituitary, and prolonged administration with intravenous fluids may lead to fluid overload, pulmonary oedema and water intoxication.

Oxytocin Molecular Formula

It has a molecular formula of C43H66N12O12S 2.

Oxytocin drugs:

Oxytocin is also known as Pitocin, Syntocinon, Ocytocin, Endopituitrina, Oxitocina, Oxytocine, Oxytocinum, Oxytocic hormone and Orasthin.

It has a molecular formula of C43H66N12O12S 2. They are commercially available as intravenous and intramuscular injections , nasal sprays and sublingual tablets .The commonly used Anirudha kabilan /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 6(4), 2014, 220-223 221 drug types are pitocin and syntocinon, the chemical resemblance to Oxytocin makes them an ideal drug of choice for various cases for example at time if parturition . Pitocin is composed of oxtocic acid/ml along with chlorobutanol , a chloroform derivative. However medical supervision is mandatory to rule out the onset of complications (20,31). The general uses of these Oxytocin drugs would include induction of labour .Under appropriate level , at the time delivery, Oxytocin binds to the receptors present in the myometrium , activates the pathway of hydrolysis of phoshotidyl inositol and diacyl glycerol, there by activating the same. This activation causes the release of intracellular Ca+ which causes contraction of the uterus .In conditions associated with low level of Oxytocin production this process is carried out by Oxytocin drugs (29, 27) Incase of people suffering from autism, administration of pitocin is said to reduce repetitive behaviour and also enhances speech. Few researches have proved the improvement of trust in people affected by autism when they were given pitocin nasal sprays. It also enhances eye to eye contact in these individuals. Pitcoin helps in social interaction in people who suffer from schizophrenia . So pitocin may not only combat hallucinogens and psychosis, but also make human interaction easier . Being a new field if research there is not enough evidence to prove the role pitocin in both autism and schizophrenia. Further, they are also used to cure problems in erectile responses, ejaculation, depression, anxiety, and stress management

Dosage of Oxytocin:

10 units by intravenous route or 20-40 mUnit/min by Intramuscular route are injected for post partum haemorrhage. 0.5-1 mUnit/min by intravenous route for the induction of labour.10-20 mUnit/min is administered along with other drugs for termination of pregnancy.

Pharmacodynamics

Uterine contractions are seen after 3-5 minutes and approx 1 minute of aministration through intramuscular and intravenous routes respectively. A steady state of the drug is reached after 40 mins of parenteral route of administration. It is distributed throughout extracellular fluid compartment of the mother; small amounts may cross the placental barrier and reach foetus. Metabolism takes place rapidly via the liver and plasma by the enzyme oxytocinase a few steps of metabolism also takes place via mammary gland. It has a half-life of 1-5 minute. Kidney and liver help in the elimination of Oxytocin drugs( 9) unchanged form of this drug is rarely excreted in urine (30). Overdose can cause titanic uterine contractions, impaired blood flow to the uterus, uterine ruptures, seizures and amniotic fluid embolism contractions, impaired blood flow to the uterus, uterine ruptures, seizures and amniotic fluid embolism.

Contraindications:

Significant cephalopelvic disproportion
Unfavourable foetal positions
Obstetric emergencies which favours surgery
Hyperactive or hypertonic uterus
When vaginal delivery is contraindicated,
Anaphylactic patients, Foetal distress
Polyhydramnios
Partial placenta pervia
Elective labour induction

Side effects

 Nausea or vomiting
 Memory problems or confusion
 Runny nose, sore throat, or coughing
 severe headaches
 hallucinations
 vomiting
 confusion
 Seizures and severe hypertension

Clinical Scenario 1

 Which of the following abnormalities of labor is associated with a significantly increased incidence of neonatal
morbidity?
a. Prolonged latent phase
b. Protracted descent
c. Secondary arrest of dilation
d. Protracted active-phase dilation
Answer: c (Secondary arrest of dilation)
Explanation:
Three significant advances in the treatment of uterine dysfunction have reduced the risk of perinatal morbidity (PNM) and
mortality: (1) the avoidance of undue prolongation of labor, (2) the use of intravenous oxytocin in the treatment of some patterns
of uterine dysfunction, and (3) the liberal use of cesarean section (rather than midforceps) to affect delivery when oxytocin fails.

Clinical Scenario 2

Management of obstructed labor includes all, except:
[AIIMS May 2004]
a. IV fluids
b. Oxytocin use
c. Antibiotics
d. Cesarean section
Answer: b (Oxytocin use)
Explanation:
Two main principles in management of obstructed labor are:
1. Never wait and watch.
2. Never use oxytocin.
In patients of obstructed labor, the uterine contractions (power) are always adequate.
There is a problem with the passage or the passenger.
By increasing the power (by giving oxytocin) we are increasing the risk of rupture uterus.
It is like flogging a dead horse. Uterus is already contracting, and there is no point in increasing the contractions further in
a case of obstructed labor.
The patient should be given IV fluids to correct the dehydration and ketoacidosis, which usually develops due to prolonged
labor. Patient should be given antibiotics to prevent infection, and then steps should be taken to immediately relieve
the obstruction either by instrumental deliver or by LSCS. LSCS may have to be done even if the baby is dead and if vaginal
delivery is not possible, or else rupture uterus will occur.
NOTE: In cases of prolonged labor where there are hypotonic uterine contractions, oxytocin is justified.

Drugs for Cough – Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

Drugs for Cough - Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages. It occurs due to stimulation of mechano- or chemoreceptors in throat, respiratory passages or stretch receptors in the lungs. Cough may be useful or useless. Useless (nonproductive) cough should be suppressed.
Useful (productive) cough serves to drain the airway, its suppression is not desirable, may even be harmful, except if the amount of expectoration achieved is small compared to the effort of continuous coughing. Apart from specific remedies (antibiotics, etc. see box), cough may be treated as a symptom (nonspecific therapy) with:

1. Pharyngeal demulcents

  1. Lozenges,
  2. cough drops,
  3. linctuses containing syrup,
  4. glycerine,
  5. liquorice.

2. Expectorants (Mucokinetics)

Expectorants thin mucus so it’s cleared more easily out of the airways. They also soothe mucous membranes in the respiratory tract. The result is a more productive cough.

(a) Bronchial secretion enhancers:

Sodium or Potassium citrate, Potassium iodide, Guaiphenesin (Glyceryl guaiacolate), balsum of Tolu, Vasaka, Ammonium chloride.

(b) Mucolytics:

Mucolytics act directly on mucus, breaking down sticky, thick secretions so that they’re more easily eliminated

Bromhexine, Ambroxol, Acetyl cysteine, Carbocisteine

3. Antitussives (Cough centre suppressants)

(a) Opioids:

Codeine, Ethylmorphine, Pholcodeine.

The opioid antitussives (typically codeine and hydrocodone) are reserved for treating an intractable cough.

(b) Nonopioids:

Antitussive drugs suppress or inhibit coughing.
Types of antitussives
Antitussives are typically used to treat dry, nonproductive coughs. The major antitussives include:
• benzonatate
• codeine
• dextromethorphan
• hydrocodone bitartrate.

Noscapine, Dextromethorphan, Chlophedianol.

(c) Antihistamines:

Chlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine, Promethazine.

Drugs for Cough - Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

(d) Peripherally acting:

Prenoxdiazine.

4. Adjuvant antitussives

Bronchodilators: Salbutamol, Terbutalin.

Paracetamol || Child Adults Dosage Weight Calculator || Uses || Side Effects || Structure

Paracetamol Dosage - Children 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 years

Paracetamol Dosage By Weight Child

The correct dose of paracetamol for a child depends on their weight. The usual dose is 15 mg per kilogram of weight. In other words, if a baby weighs 10 kg it should have 10 x 15mg, which is 150 mg. This dose can be taken once every 4 to 6 hours, up to 4 times in 24 hours if needed.

Maximum Dose Of Paracetamol For Child

For children without underlying medical conditions, or with underlying medical conditions that are not inflammatory in nature, beginning treatment with oral paracetamol is preferred because of its long track record of safety.
The correct dose of paracetamol for a child depends on their weight. The usual dose is 15 mg per kilogram of weight.
You should not exceed the recommended dose except on the advice of your doctor. No child should take a total of more than 60 mg per kilogram of their body weight in a day.

Paracetamol tablet dosage for 10 year old:

Example of calculating a paracetamol dose:

A boy, aged 10 years, weighing 67 kg presents with myalgia of a suspected viral cause. You prescribe paracetamol for management at home. The calculation for paracetamol dosing is 15 mg × 67 kg = 1005 mg , however, you round this down to the maximum adult dose of 1 g, which is prescribed as 20 mL of a 250 mg/5 mL formulation, every four to six hours with no more than four doses every 24 hours.

Paracetamol Dosage Weight Calculator

Paracetamol is a medicine that is commonly used in children and adults which is available without a prescription. The main uses of paracetamol are for relief of pain and for reducing a fever.
Paracetamol Dosage By Weight Adults

Paracetamol Dosage - Children 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 years

Paracetamol Side Effects:

Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used ‘over-the-counter’ medicines, especially for the minor illnesses suffered by many children. But it is not always used in the correct dosage, which may make it less effective or dangerous.

Reasons Side Effects with paracetamol included:

  1. Exceeding recommended doses
  2. Too frequent dosing
  3. Prolonged dosing (up to 24 days in one case)

Paracetamol rarely causes side-effects when it is taken as recommended, but if you experience any symptoms which you think may be due to it, discuss them with your pharmacist or doctor.

Paracetamol Contraindications:

Paracetamol overdose can result in liver damage and, at very high dosages, can be fatal.

Some people need to take extra care with paracetamol. Like :

If you have had an allergic reaction to paracetemol or any other medicines in the past
If you have liver or kidney problems
If you regularly drink more than the maximum recommended amount of alcohol (14 units a week)
If you take medicine for epilepsy
If you take medicine for tuberculosis (TB)
If you take the blood-thinner warfarin and you may need to take paracetamol on a regular basis

Paracetamol Indication:

Too much paracetamol is very harmful to the liver.

If you realise you have had too much (including other products with paracetamol in it), call your doctor, nurse or the Poisons Centre 0800 POISON (0800 764 766) immediately.
Older people are most at risk so take extra care.
Do NOT wait for signs of an overdose as these appear late when the damage to the liver is already done.

Late signs may include:

  • nausea or vomiting
  • diarrhoea,
  • yellow skin or eyes,
  • poor appetite,
  • confusion or extreme sleepiness.

paracetamol dosage weight calculator:

Maximum dose of paracetamol for Adults:

Do not take more than 4 grams in 24 hours. This equates to 8 x 500 mg tablets, or 6 X 665 mg tablets per day.
Keep track of the timing of the doses and check when it was last taken before taking it again.

Paracetamol tablet dosage for children:

The oral dose of paracetamol for children aged 1 month to 18 years is:

15 mg/kg per dose, to a maximum of 1 g per dose, every four to six hours, with a maximum of 60 mg/kg daily, without exceeding 4 g daily

paracetamol dosage by weight adults

Paracetamol Dosage for Infants:

For children aged 6 months-1 year: 120 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
For children aged 3-5 months: 60 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
For children aged 2 months following immunization: 60 mg, repeated once after 4-6 hours if needed.

Paracetamol Dosage for Toddlers:

For children aged 2-3 years: 180 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
For children aged 6 months-1 year: 120 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.

Paracetamol Uses:

Paracetamol is Used for Pain and fever (high temperature) in adults and children. Available as Tablet, capsule, soluble tablet, ‘melt-in-the-mouth’ tablet, oral liquid, oral liquid sachets, suppository and injection

Paracetamol 500mg Dosage

Generally 3 times a day or 500 mg 6hrs

Paracetamol Dosage For 12 Year Old

Paracetamol Dosage Calculator Adults:

The usual dose in adults is 500 mg to 1 gram (1 or 2 tablets) every 4 to 6 hours when required for pain.

Paracetamol can be safely used by adults including pregnant women but there is a limit to the amount of paracetamol that can be safely taken in a 24-hour period. Taking more than the daily limit is very harmful to the liver. For adults the usual maximum dose is 4 grams per day. This may be less if you are frail or elderly.

Paracetamol tablets are available in two strengths — 500 mg tablets or 665 mg tablets.
The 665 mg tablets are used for osteoarthritis

Paracetamol 500mg

Paracetamol is used for relief of pain and Fever. Analgesic and Anti Pyretic. Paracetamol has analgesic (pain relief) and antipyretic(reduces fever) but no anti-inflammatory activity; it is less irritant to the stomach than Ibuprofen.
It will not cause drowsiness or cause your child to sleep. It can be used for children and babies over 3 months old. Younger babies must see the doctor.
Paracetamol is highly lipid-soluble and has a relatively short half life of 2–2.5 hours.2 Following oral administration, paracetamol is rapidly absorbed across the mucosa of the duodenum and into the bloodstream where it is mainly metabolised by the liver.

Paracetamol Dosage By Weight Child Adult pdf

Recommended doses of paracetamol are:

 

  • For adults and children aged 16 years and older: 500 mg-1 g every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of 4 g daily.
  • For children aged 12-15 years: 480-750 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 10-11 years: 480-500 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 8-9 years: 360-375 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 6-7 years: 240-250 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 4-5 years: 240 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 2-3 years: 180 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 6 months-1 year: 120 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 3-5 months: 60 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 2 months following immunization: 60 mg, repeated once after 4-6 hours if needed.

Paracetamol Tablet

Food Interactions to Paracetamol: 🙄 

Avoid alcohol (may increase risk of hepatotoxicity).
Take without regard to meals.

Pharmacodynamics of Paracetamol: 😆 

Acetaminophen (USAN) or Paracetamol (INN) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. It is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications and many prescription analgesics. It is extremely safe in standard doses, but because of its wide availability, deliberate or accidental overdoses are not uncommon. Acetaminophen, unlike other common analgesics such as aspirin and ibuprofen, has no anti-inflammatory properties or effects on platelet function, and it is not a member of the class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs. At therapeutic doses acetaminophen does not irritate the lining of the stomach nor affect blood coagulation, kidney function, or the fetal ductus arteriosus (as NSAIDs can). Like NSAIDs and unlike opioid analgesics, acetaminophen does not cause euphoria or alter mood in any way. Acetaminophen and NSAIDs have the benefit of being completely free of problems with addiction, dependence, tolerance and withdrawal. Acetaminophen is used on its own or in combination with pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, codeine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone.

Pharmacology and Mechanism of action of Paracetamol:

Acetaminophen is thought to act primarily in the CNS, increasing the pain threshold by inhibiting both isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3 enzymes involved in prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen does not inhibit cyclooxygenase in peripheral tissues and, thus, has no peripheral anti-inflammatory affects. While aspirin acts as an irreversible inhibitor of COX and directly blocks the enzyme’s active site, studies have found that acetaminophen indirectly blocks COX, and that this blockade is ineffective in the presence of peroxides. This might explain why acetaminophen is effective in the central nervous system and in endothelial cells but not in platelets and immune cells which have high levels of peroxides. Studies also report data suggesting that acetaminophen selectively blocks a variant of the COX enzyme that is different from the known variants COX-1 and COX-2. This enzyme is now referred to as COX-3. Its exact mechanism of action is still poorly understood, but future research may provide further insight into how it works. The antipyretic properties of acetaminophen are likely due to direct effects on the heat-regulating centres of the hypothalamus resulting in peripheral vasodilation, sweating and hence heat dissipation.

Paracetamol Structure

Paracetamol 3D Structure -Tablet Acetaminophen composition Paracetamol Structure -Acetaminophen chemical structure

paracetamol 125 mg dosage

Paracetamol dosage for 12 year old

Paracetamol dose for children aged 12-15 years: 480-750 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.