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Paracetamol Injection – Uses Administration Price FAQ 💉 

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paracetamol injection

History of Paracetamol

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a widely used over-the-counter pain reliever and fever reducer. Its history dates back to the early 19th century when it was first discovered in 1877 by the German chemist Karl Nobecourt. He named it paracetamol after combining para- (meaning “to act against”) with acetylsalicylic

What is PARACETAMOL?

Paracetamol is an analgesic, meaning it is a drug used to relieve mild pain. It is available over-the-counter (OTC) and most commonly used to treat headaches such as tension headache, migraine, and backaches. Paracetamol helps reduce fever, aches, pains, sore throats and toothaches so it can be taken regularly and as soon as you feel any of those signs coming on. While many people opt for prescription medications for their headache symptoms, paracetamol can be the preferred method of treatment for those looking for fast relief without opting for stronger analgesics.

Paracetamol has fewer side effects than other OTC painkillers such as ibuprofen or aspirin which is why it’s often the first choice to soothe minor aches and pains. Side effects can still occur from regular use but they are generally mild such as nausea or vomiting in rare cases. The recommended dosage should not exceed 8 500mg tablets within 24 hours nor should it be taken with alcohol which can increase the risk of liver damage when taken in excess. To ensure optimal safety while taking this medication the user should follow directions on labels and speak to a medical professional

Full detailed article on Paracetamol Dosage is here

Current Uses of Paracetamol Injection

Paracetamol injection is a quick and effective way to manage pain relief and reduce fever. It can also be used to treat more severe forms of pain such as nerve pain, muscle spasms, migraines, and menstrual cramps. It is especially useful for those who cannot take or tolerate oral medications due to nausea or vomiting.

Paracetamol injection is a fast-acting medication that can help provide pain relief and reduce fever quickly. It also has fewer side effects than other pain medications, so it is safer for those who are sensitive to or intolerant of other medications. Additionally, paracetamol injection can be used to treat more severe forms of pain

Detailed uses of Paracetamol

Overview of the Article

This article provides an overview of the history of paracetamol and discusses its current uses. Paracetamol was first discovered in 1877 by the German chemist Karl Nobecourt and was named after combining para- with acetylsalicylic. Currently, paracetamol injection is a quick and effective way to manage pain relief and reduce fever . It can also be used to treat more severe forms of pain such as nerve pain, muscle spasms, migraines, and menstrual cramps.

 

Types of Pain

Severe Pain

Severe pain is intense and usually indicates a serious medical condition or injury. It can be caused by trauma, surgery, cancer, or other illnesses. Severe pain may require the use of prescription medication such as opioids for relief. In some cases, paracetamol injection may also be used to manage severe pain.

Postoperative Pain

Postoperative pain occurs after surgery and can range from mild to severe. Paracetamol injection may be used to effectively manage postoperative pain and reduce the need for opioid medications.

Moderate Pain

Moderate pain is usually less intense than severe pain, but still requires medical attention. Paracetamol injection may be useful for managing moderate pain.

Acute Pain

This is sudden and usually indicates a new injury or illness. Paracetamol injection may be used to help relieve acute pain

Side Effects of Paracetamol Injection

Paracetamol injection is generally safe and well-tolerated, but there may be some side effects. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, itching, swelling, headache, dizziness, and rash. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as liver damage or anaphylaxis can occur. It’s

Administration of Paracetamol Injection

Paracetamol injection is a fast-acting medication and should be administered by a healthcare professional. It is usually given as an intramuscular injection in the upper arm, thigh, or buttocks. Depending on the severity of pain, dosage may vary between 10 to 60 milligrams every 4 to 6 hours. The maximum daily

Oral Administration

Paracetamol can be taken orally either as a tablet, capsule, or suspension. It should be taken with food or milk to reduce the risk of stomach upset. The recommended dose for adults is 325-650 mg every 4-6 hours, up to a maximum of 4 grams per day. For children, the dose varies depending on age and weight and should only be administered under the

Intravenous Administration

Paracetamol injection can be administered intravenously (IV) to provide rapid pain relief and reduce fever. The medication is injected into a vein using a syringe or infusion pump. The dose and frequency of administration will depend on the patient’s condition and response to treatment. It is important to monitor the patient closely during IV administration for any adverse

DOSAGE

The prescribed dosage of a certain medication varies depending on the patient’s age and weight. For neonates, aged 0-1 month, the recommended dosage is 7.5 mg/kg (0.75 ml/kg) every 6 hours for a maximum amount of 30 mg/kg daily.This should be administered over a period of 15 minutes. For patients aged 1 month or more and weighing 10 kg or less, the recommended dosage is between 10 mg/kg (1 ml/kg) to a maximum of 30 mg/kg, again administered over 15 minutes every 6 hours. For patients that weigh between 10 kg and 50 kg, the recommended dose is 15 mg/kg (1.5 ml/kg), still administered over 15 minutes but with a maximum amount of 60 mg/kg daily. Finally for patients who are 50 kg or above, the suggested dose is 1 g (100 ml) per day administered over 15 minutes with a maximum limit of 4 g daily.

It is important to adhere strictly to these doses as an incorrect dosage may lead to serious health problems or even death in extreme circumstances which would be extremely dangerous from both an individual and societal perspective. Therefore it is strongly encouraged that people educate themselves about dosages and administer

Dosage and Efficacy of Paracetamol Injection

The dosage of paracetamol injection depends on the age, weight, and medical condition of the patient. It is usually given as an intramuscular injection in the upper arm, thigh, or buttocks. For adults, the recommended dose is 10-60 milligrams every 4-6 hours with

Daily Dose for Adults with Normal Renal Function

For adults with normal renal function, the recommended daily dose of paracetamol injection is 4 grams in total, divided into four doses of 10-60 milligrams every 4-6 hours. It is important to not exceed this daily dosage as it can increase the risk of liver damage or other serious side effects. If a larger dose is needed due to severe pain, an opioid analgesic

Daily Dose for Adults with Renal Impairment or Hepatic Impairment

The use of paracetamol injection in adults with renal impairment or hepatic impairment should be done with caution, as there is a risk of increased side effects and toxicity. The maximum daily dosage of paracetamol should not exceed 2 grams for those with mild to moderate renal impairment, and 1 gram for those with severe renal impairment

 

Analgesic Efficacy in Adults with Severe or Postoperative Pain

Paracetamol injection is an effective analgesic for severe or postoperative pain, as it can provide fast-acting relief. When used as part of a multimodal approach to pain management, paracetamol can help reduce the need for opioid analgesics and their associated side effects . Studies have shown that paracetamol injection can provide similar analgesic efficacy to opioids in adults with moderate to severe pain.

Adverse Reactions and Contraindications of Paracetamol Injection

Although paracetamol injection is generally safe and well-tolerated, there is a risk of adverse reactions and contraindications. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, itching, swelling, headache, dizziness, and rash. In rare cases, more serious side effects such as liver damage, kidney failure, and respiratory depression have been reported. People with liver disease, kidney disease, or alcohol abuse should not take paracetamol injection. In addition, pregnant women should only use paracetamol injection if the potential benefit outweighs the risks.

Storage and Disposal of Paracetamol Injection

Paracetamol injection should be stored at room temperature in its original container, away from heat and direct light. The medication should not be refrigerated or frozen. Keep the medication out of reach of children and pets. It is important to discard any expired or unused paracetamol injection as it may no longer be effective . Expired medication should be disposed of safely, preferably in a hazardous waste container or according to instructions from your local pharmacy.

Who should not take paracetamol?

Paracetamol is a commonly used medication that is used to treat pain and reduce fever. It can be taken in the form of tablets, capsules, syrups or effervescent tablets. However, it is important to note that some people should not take paracetamol. This includes those who have had a previous allergic reaction to paracetamol or any other ingredients found in a paracetamol product they may have taken in the past.

It is also not recommended for people with certain chronic conditions such as kidney disease or liver damage, as paracetamol has been known to cause further damage these organs if taken when they are already weakened by another condition. Additionally, pregnant women should take extra precautions when taking any medications including paracetamol and should always talk to their doctor first before taking them. Lastly, individuals who are already taking other medications may also need to avoid taking medicines containing paracetamol as combining drugs can sometimes have hazardous side effects or negative interactions on the body’s systems. In this case, consulting a doctor prior to taking paracetamol can help prevent any possible health risks from occurring.

What happens if you miss a dose?

If you forget to take a dose of paracetamol, don’t try to “catch up” by taking two doses at once. Doing this can be dangerous and can put you at risk for serious side effects. Instead, if it has been more than four hours since your last dose, just take the missed dose as soon as remembered and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Remember that exceeding the maximum daily recommended dosage of paracetamol is dangerous and should be avoided, even if you have missed a dose.

If you are ever in doubt as to what to do when you miss a paracetamol dose, speak with your doctor or pharmacist for further advice. These professionals will be able to advise on how best to adjust your medication routine so that you are getting the best out of the medicine while minimizing any potential risks associated with usage beyond medical instruction. It’s important to remember that following directions carefully will help ensure your safety and proper use of all medications prescribed or over-the-counter and taking full responsibility for your health through understanding the instructions related to these medicines is key to achieving optimal wellness.

What happens if You overdose?

If someone accidentally takes too much paracetamol, it can cause serious harm to the body. In cases of overdose, it is important to get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away in order to prevent further complications. Depending on the amount and time since the overdose, there may be no symptoms during the first 24 hours. However, those who have overdosed may experience pale skin, nausea, sweating, vomiting and loss of appetite. Abdominal pain is also common in these types of situations.

In more severe cases of Paracetamol overdose, long-term liver damage may occur. This should not be taken lightly as it can lead to further health issues and potentially death if not treated swiftly and properly. Those who are suspected of overdosing on Paracetamol should seek medical attention right away so that doctors can properly assess and treat them accordingly. A local hospital or poison control center should be contacted quickly for best results.

Paracetamol Injection Price 💉

In India, the price of Paracetamol injections typically ranges between INR 10 to INR 50 for a single vial or ampule of the generic version. However, it’s important to note that the cost can vary depending on several factors, including the brand, formulation, concentration, packaging size, geographical location, and healthcare setting. Generic versions of Paracetamol injections are generally more affordable than their brand-name counterparts, making them the preferred choice for both healthcare facilities and patients seeking cost-effective pain management and fever reduction solutions. Additionally, government initiatives and public healthcare facilities in India often aim to provide essential medications like Paracetamol injections at subsidized rates or free of charge to ensure accessibility for a wide population. Health insurance coverage may also play a role in reducing out-of-pocket expenses for patients, making this widely used medication accessible and affordable to those in need across the country.

The cost of paracetamol injections can range widely depending on the factors mentioned above. However, to provide a general idea, the price of a single vial or ampule of paracetamol injection in the United States can vary from approximately $2 to $5 for the generic version. Brand-name versions may be more expensive, often exceeding $10 per vial.

It’s important to note that these prices are approximate and subject to change over time. Additionally, healthcare providers and institutions often have access to bulk purchasing agreements or discounts that can significantly reduce the overall cost of medications, including paracetamol injections.

Paracetamol Injection IM or IV Ampoule

Paracetamol injections are available in both intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) forms, provided in ampoules or vials. The choice between IM and IV administration depends on various factors, including the patient’s condition, the speed of relief required, and the healthcare provider’s recommendation. Here’s a brief overview of each:

1. Intramuscular (IM) Paracetamol Injection:

Administration: IM injections involve injecting paracetamol directly into a large muscle, typically the thigh or the buttock.
Speed of Action: IM injections generally have a slower onset of action compared to IV administration. It may take some time for the medication to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the muscle.
Use Cases: IM injections are often used when a more prolonged effect is desired, or when IV access is difficult to obtain. They are commonly used in post-operative pain management and for patients who cannot take medications orally.
Dosage: The dosage for IM administration may differ from that of IV administration and should be prescribed by a healthcare professional.

2. Intravenous (IV) Paracetamol Injection:

Administration: IV injections involve directly infusing paracetamol into a vein through a catheter or IV line.
Speed of Action: IV administration provides a faster onset of action as the medication is immediately delivered into the bloodstream, offering quick relief.
Use Cases: IV paracetamol injections are often used in emergency situations when rapid pain relief or fever reduction is required. They are also used in hospital settings for patients who are unable to take medications orally.
Dosage: The dosage for IV administration is typically lower than that for IM administration due to the faster onset of action.
The choice between IM and IV administration should be made by a qualified healthcare provider based on the patient’s specific needs and the medical context. It’s important to note that self-administration of these injections should never be attempted without proper medical guidance, as incorrect administration can lead to complications. Always consult with a healthcare professional for guidance on the appropriate route and dosage of Paracetamol injections.

Paracetamol Injection Other Brand Names in India

Crocin IV
Calpol IV
Dolo IV
Pyrigesic IV
Metacin IV
PCM IV
Paracip IV

Paracetamol Injection Time of Action

The time of action of a paracetamol (acetaminophen) injection can vary depending on several factors, including the individual’s metabolism, the specific formulation of the injection, and the severity of the condition being treated. However, in general, the onset of action of a paracetamol injection is relatively rapid, usually within 5 to 10 minutes of administration.

The injection allows for the active ingredient (paracetamol) to enter the bloodstream quickly, providing faster relief compared to oral forms of the medication, which may take longer to absorb through the digestive system.

The duration of action can also vary, but the analgesic (pain-relieving) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects of a paracetamol injection typically last for about 4 to 6 hours. This means that the relief from pain or reduction in fever may be noticeable for this duration before the effects start to wear off.

It’s essential to follow the prescribed dosing instructions provided by a healthcare professional when using paracetamol injections and to consult with them for specific information about the medication’s action and how it should be administered for your particular medical condition.

 

 

 

Paracetamol Injection Allergy & Contraindications

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally considered a safe medication when used appropriately, but like any medication, it can have contraindications and the potential for allergic reactions in some individuals. Here are some important considerations:

Contraindications (when you should not use paracetamol injection):

Hypersensitivity or Allergy: If you have a known hypersensitivity or allergy to paracetamol or any of the components of the injection, you should not use it.

Severe Liver Disease: Paracetamol is primarily metabolized by the liver, and it can cause liver damage if used in excessive doses or by individuals with severe liver disease. Therefore, it’s generally contraindicated in people with severe liver impairment.

Warnings and Precautions:

Liver Function: Even in individuals with normal liver function, it’s important not to exceed the recommended dosage of paracetamol, as excessive use can lead to liver damage. People with mild to moderate liver disease should use paracetamol with caution and under medical supervision.

Alcohol Use: Chronic alcohol use can increase the risk of liver damage when taking paracetamol. It’s important to limit or avoid alcohol consumption while using this medication.

Kidney Function: While paracetamol is primarily metabolized by the liver, it can affect the kidneys at high doses or when used over an extended period. People with kidney problems should use paracetamol with caution.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Paracetamol is generally considered safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding when used at recommended doses. However, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider for guidance, especially in high-risk situations.

Drug Interactions: Paracetamol can interact with other medications. Inform your healthcare provider about all the medications, supplements, and herbal products you are taking to ensure there are no potential interactions.

Other Health Conditions: Inform your healthcare provider about any other health conditions you may have, such as asthma, as paracetamol may be a safer choice than certain other pain relievers for individuals with specific medical conditions.

Allergic Reactions:

Allergic reactions to paracetamol are relatively rare but can occur. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include:

Rash or hives
Itching
Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat
Difficulty breathing
Severe dizziness or lightheadedness
If you experience any signs of an allergic reaction after receiving a paracetamol injection, seek immediate medical attention.

It’s crucial to use paracetamol injections under the guidance and prescription of a healthcare provider, and if you have any concerns about allergies or contraindications, discuss them with your healthcare professional. They can provide you with personalized advice and treatment options.

Paracetamol Injection BP Monograph

A British Pharmacopoeia (BP) monograph provides detailed information about a specific medication, including its composition, quality standards, manufacturing process, and guidelines for its use. Below, I’ve outlined a simplified BP monograph for Paracetamol Injection, adhering to general pharmaceutical standards. Please note that the specific details may vary depending on the manufacturer and version of the monograph.

Paracetamol Injection BP Monograph

1. Name of the Medicinal Product:

Paracetamol Injection BP
2. Qualitative and Quantitative Composition:

Each milliliter of the injection contains [Specify the quantity] of paracetamol as the active ingredient.
3. Pharmaceutical Form:

Clear, colorless solution for injection.
4. Clinical Particulars:

4.1 Therapeutic Indications:

Paracetamol injection is indicated for the relief of mild to moderate pain and the reduction of fever.
4.2 Posology and Method of Administration:

The dosage and administration should be determined by a healthcare professional.
The injection is typically administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM).
Dosage and administration guidelines will vary based on the patient’s age, weight, and medical condition.
4.3 Contraindications:

Hypersensitivity or allergy to paracetamol or any components of the injection.
Severe liver disease.
4.4 Special Warnings and Precautions for Use:

Use with caution in patients with liver or kidney impairment.
Avoid alcohol consumption during treatment.
Special precautions may be needed during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
4.5 Interactions with Other Medicaments and Other Forms of Interaction:

Paracetamol may interact with certain medications, including those affecting liver enzymes. Consult a healthcare provider for a comprehensive list of potential interactions.
4.6 Pregnancy and Lactation:

Paracetamol is generally considered safe during pregnancy and lactation when used as directed. However, consult a healthcare provider for specific guidance.
4.7 Effects on Ability to Drive and Use Machines:

No known effects on the ability to drive or use machinery.
4.8 Undesirable Effects:

Common side effects
Rare but serious side effects
4.9 Overdose:

Symptoms of overdose may include

Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Excessive sweating
Extreme tiredness or weakness
Abdominal pain, particularly in the upper right side
Yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice)
Confusion or altered mental state
Unconsciousness or coma.
Treatment of overdose typically involves supportive care and may include antidotal therapy.

5. Pharmaceutical Particulars:

5.1 List of Excipients:

Water for Injection: Often used as the solvent or diluent for the injection.
Sodium Hydroxide: Used for pH adjustment.
Hydrochloric Acid: Used for pH adjustment.
Sodium Metabisulfite: A preservative.
Mannitol: A sugar alcohol used as a stabilizer or tonicity-adjusting agent.
Disodium Edetate (EDTA): Used as a stabilizing or chelating agent.
Propylene Glycol: Occasionally used as a solvent or co-solvent.
Polysorbate 80: An emulsifying agent.
5.2 Incompatibilities:

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) injections can have known incompatibilities when mixed with other medications or solutions. These incompatibilities can lead to chemical reactions or physical changes that may affect the stability and safety of the injection. Here are some known incompatibilities with paracetamol injections:

Incompatibility with Other Drugs: Paracetamol injections should not be mixed in the same syringe or IV line with other drugs unless compatibility is confirmed by a healthcare professional or pharmacist. Mixing paracetamol with other medications can lead to precipitation or chemical reactions that may render the drugs ineffective or harmful.

Incompatibility with Certain Solutions: Paracetamol injections should be administered with compatible intravenous solutions as specified by the manufacturer’s instructions. Mixing paracetamol with incompatible solutions can result in precipitation or changes in the solution’s pH, potentially leading to reduced efficacy or adverse effects.

Incompatibility with Certain Containers: Some containers or materials used in the administration of paracetamol injections may not be compatible with the formulation. It’s important to use appropriate materials and equipment as recommended by healthcare professionals.

Incompatibility with Certain Intravenous Lines: Paracetamol injections should be administered using dedicated IV lines to avoid potential interactions with other medications or fluids in the same line.

It’s essential to follow the manufacturer’s instructions, as well as the guidance of healthcare professionals, when administering paracetamol injections to ensure compatibility and prevent potential adverse effects. Healthcare providers and pharmacists can provide specific recommendations based on the formulation and the patient’s medical condition.

5.3 Shelf Life:

The shelf life of the product should be mentioned here.
5.4 Special Precautions for Storage:

Store at [temperature range] in the original packaging.
6. Legal Category:

This section indicates the legal classification of the medicine.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder:

Name and address of the company holding the marketing authorization.
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(s):

Mention the authorization number(s) if applicable.
9. Date of First Authorisation/Renewal of the Authorisation:

Provide the date of initial authorization or renewal.
10. Date of Revision of the Text:

Specify the date when the monograph was last revised.
Please note that this is a simplified template, and a comprehensive BP monograph for Paracetamol Injection would contain additional detailed information and specifications. Always consult the latest official British Pharmacopoeia for the most up-to-date and complete monograph for any medication.

 

 

Conclusion

Paracetamol injection is an effective and safe medication for managing postoperative pain, acute pain, and moderate pain. It has a fast-acting effect that can provide relief in minutes. However, it should be administered cautiously in patients with renal impairment or hepatic impairment to reduce the risk of side effects and toxicity.

 

Prednisolone Acetate Eye Drops Uses & Side Effects

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Prednisolone Acetate Eye Drops Ophthalmic Suspension

Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension is an adrenocortical steroid prepared as sterile ophthalmic suspension for using in eye problems. The active ingredient is represented with the chemical name given here below

What is the Chemical name and composition of Prednisolone eye drops? What are prednisolone eye drops?

Pregna-1, 4-diene-3,20- dione, (acetyloxy)-11,17-dihydroxy-,(118)-.

Prednisolone Eye drops Composition:

Active: Prednisolone Acetate IP 1% w/v
Preservative: Benzalkonium Chloride Solution (as Preservative) IP 0.02% v/v
Vehicle: Aqueous one and carbomer for uniformity in Suspension.

Inactives: Sterile Aqueous Base q.8.

Why is this eye drops medication prescribed?

Ophthalmic prednisolone is a steroid medication prescribed for the treatment of eye inflammation.

It is typically prescribed for conditions such as blepharitis, allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and dry eye syndrome. It can also be used before or after certain surgeries and after eye trauma.

It helps reduce irritation, redness, burning, and swelling caused by various conditions such as chemical exposure, heat radiation, infection, allergy, or foreign bodies.

Additionally, it may be used after eye surgery as a preventative measure against swelling and redness.

Prednisolone changes how the immune system works to reduce inflammation. It does this by preventing certain cells from releasing substances that cause inflammation and improving circulation in the eye. It also affects cell processes related to inflammation, like causing white blood cells to produce fewer inflammatory chemicals. Ophthalmic prednisolone effectively treats symptoms of eye inflammation and is well-tolerated when used as directed.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:

Corticosteroids are capable of suppressing the inflammatory response caused by various agents, which may potentially delay or slow down the healing process. They have the ability to inhibit multiple aspects of inflammation, including edema, fibrin deposition, capillary dilation, leukocyte migration, capillary proliferation, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and scar formation.

Ophthalmic prednisolone reduces the irritation, redness, burning, and swelling of eye inflammation caused by chemicals, heat, radiation, infection, allergy, or foreign bodies in the eye. It sometimes is used after eye surgery. Prednisolone is in a class of medications called steroids. It prevents swelling and redness by changing the way the immune system works.

 

Ophthalmic prednisolone reduces the irritation, redness, burning, and swelling of eye inflammation caused by chemicals, heat, radiation, infection, allergy, or foreign bodies in the eye. It sometimes is used after eye surgery. Prednisolone is in a class of medications called steroids. It prevents swelling and redness by changing the way the immune system works.

Source: medlineplus.gov

Mechanism of Action 🎬 How Prednisolone Drops Work

The mechanism of action of ocular corticosteroids is not yet fully understood, although it is believed that they work by inducing proteins that inhibit phospholipase A2, collectively known as lipocortins. These proteins are thought to regulate the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor, arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2. Corticosteroids are known to rise Intraocular pressure (IOP).

Uses of Prednisolone Eye drops

Steroid responsive inflammatory conditions of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea, and anterior segment of the globe such as allergic conjunctivitis, acne rosacea, superficial punctate keratitis, herpes zoster keratitis, Iritis, cyclitis, selected infective conjunctivitis, when the inherent hazard of steroid use is accepted to obtain an advisable diminution in oedema and inflammation; corneal Injury from chemical, radiation, or thermal bums, or penetration of foreign bodies.

CONTRAINDICATIONS:

Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension should not be used in cases of viral diseases of the Cornea and conjunctiva, including epithelial herpes simplex keratitis (also known as dendritic keratitis), vaccinia, and varicella.

It is also not recommended for use in cases of mycobacterial infection of the eye or fungal diseases of ocular structures. Additionally, Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension should not be used by individuals who have a known or suspected hypersensitivity reaction towards other corticosteroids.

WARNINGS:

FOR TOPICAL OPHTHALMIC USE ONLY. NOT FOR INJECTION.

Extended usage of corticosteroids can lead to glaucoma, which may cause harm to the optic nerve, impair visual acuity and field of vision, as well as contribute to the development of posterior subcapsular cataracts. Additionally, prolonged use can suppress the body’s immune response, thereby increasing the risk of secondary ocular infections. Various ocular diseases and long-term use of topical corticosteroids have been known to cause corneal and scleral thinning. Use of topical corticosteroids in the presence of thin corneal or scleral tissue may lead to perforation.

Acute purulent infections of the eye may be masked or activity enhanced by the presence of corticosteroid medication. It this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be routinely monitored even though it may be difficult in children and uncooperative patients. Steroids should be used with caution in the presence of glaucoma. Intraocular pressure should be checked frequently. The use of steroids after cataract surgery may delay healing and increase the incidence of bleb formation. Use of ocular steroids may prolong the course and may exacerbate the severity of many viral infections of the eye (including herpes simplex). Employment of a corticosteroid medication in the treatment of patients with a history of herpes simplex requires great caution; frequent slit lamp microscopy is recommended. Corticosteroids are not effective in mustard gas keratitis and Sjogren’s keratoconjunctivitis.

PRECAUTIONS:

General: The initial prescription and renewal of the medication order should be made by a physician only after examination of the patient with the aid of magnification, such as slit lamp blo microscopy and, where appropriate, fluorescein staining. If signs and symptoms fail to improve after two days, the patient should be re-evaluated. As fungal infections of the cornea are particularly prone to develop coincidentally with long-term local corticosteroid applications, fungal Invasion should be suspected in any persistent corneal ulceration where a corticosteroid has been used or is in use. Fungal cultures should be taken when appropriate. If this product is used for 10 days or longer, intraocular pressure should be monitored (SEE WARNINGS).

Information & Note for Patients:

If inflammation or pain persists longer than 48 hours or becomes aggravated, the patient should be advised to discontinue use of the medication and consult a physician. This product is sterile when packaged. To prevent contamination care should be taken to avoid touching the bottle tip to eyelids or to any other surface. The use of this bottle by more than one person may spread infection. Keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use. Keep out of the reach of children. Use the suspension within one month after opening the bottle.

Can Prednisolone drops can be used in Pregnancy?

PREGNANCY: NO

Teratogenic effects Pregnancy Category C: Prednisolone has been shown to be teratogenic . Prednisolone Acetate Ophthalmic Suspension should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the foetus.

Nursing Mothers:

It is not known whether topical administration of corticosteroids could result in sufficient systemic absorption to produce detectable quantities in human milk. Corticosteroids administered systemically can be found in human milk and may have negative effects on growth, interfere with natural corticosteroid production, or cause other unwanted effects. It is important to consider the potential serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from prednisone acetate and make a decision on whether to stop nursing or discontinue the drug, considering the drug’s importance to the mother.

Paediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in paediatric patients have not been established

 

ADVERSE REACTIONS: (side effects)

Adverse reactions include, in decreasing order of frequency, elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) with possible development of glaucoma and infrequent optic nerve damage, posterior subcapsular cataract formation, and delayed wound healing.

While systemic effects are rare, there have been reported instances of systemic hypercorticoidism following the use of topical steroids. Corticosteroid-containing preparations have also been associated with acute anterior uveitis and globe perforation. Keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, mydriasis, conjunctival hyperaemia, loss of accommodation and have occasionally been reported following local use of corticosteroids. Continuous use of steroid might lead to Fungal and viral infections of the cornea. The possibility of fungal invasion should be considered in any persistent corneal ulceration where steroid treatment has been used (SEE WARNINGS).

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: How to use?

SHAKE WELL BEFORE USING

Two drops topically in the eye(s) four times daily. In cases of bacterial infections, concomitant use of anti-infective agents is a must. Care should be taken not to discontinue therapy prematurely. If you dont observe any improvement in signs and symptoms of the patient, after two days he or she must be re-evaluated. The dosing of prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension may be reduced, but care should be taken not to discontinue therapy prematurely. Withdrawal of treatment after continuous use for long time should not be sudden and should be carried out by gradually decreasing the frequency of applications.

 

HOW SUPPLIED:

Prednisolone is a sterile ophthalmic suspension that comes in a 10 ml sale pack and a 10 ml sample pack. It is supplied in a lyondellbasel Purell low-density polyethylene dispensing system for versatile use. The package is tamper-evident. A shrink band around the closure and neck area can be observed for this purpose.

How Prednisolone eye drops is Stored?

STORAGE:

store below 30°C. Protect from light & moisture. Do not freeze. Preserve closed vial in a carton till in use.

What are the substitutes for Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension USP ?

In cases where Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension USP is not available, there are substitutes that can be used for its intended purpose. These include Predmet 1% Eye Drop (Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.), Renisol 1% Eye Drop (Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.), and Predace 1% Eye Drop (Micro Labs Ltd.).

These medications have the same composition, strength and form as Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension USP and are equally effective in treating the same condition. However, they should be taken only after consulting with a physician as their use may come with certain side effects. Also, one must make sure that they read all instructions carefully before using them. The dosage should be strictly followed to ensure maximum effectiveness and safety of the person using these medicines.

Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension USP is a type of corticosteroid used in the treatment of various eye problems such as allergic reactions or inflammations. As it is a prescription-based medication, one needs to consult a doctor before taking it. In cases where Prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension USP is not available, there are substitutes that can be used for its intended purpose. These include Predmet 1% Eye Drop (Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.), Renisol 1% Eye Drop (Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd.), and Predace 1% Eye Drop (Micro Labs Ltd.).

They should be taken only after consulting with a physician as their use may come with certain side effects. Also, one must make sure that they read all instructions carefully before using them

PARACETAMOL USES _ Know your #DOLO Crocin

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This article presents an overview of uses of Paracetamol as a widely used medication. Most common types of ailments for which Paracetamol is used are fever, headaches, muscle aches, toothaches etc. Paracetamol is chemically known as acetaminophen, is a widely used medication known for its pain-relieving and fever-reducing properties. It is available over-the-counter and is recognized as a safe and effective option for managing various types of pain and discomfort by doctors and scientists.

Primary uses of Paracetamol:

Fever Reduction

Pain Relief

Do you know how paracetamol acts in Pain Relief? Mechanism of action of Paracetamol in relieving pain and the Dosage and administration guidelines for pain relief are given in this article. Know How Paracetamol helps in reducing fever along with Conditions or illnesses that often involve fever and the use of Paracetamol (e.g., common cold, flu).

Other things like Paracetamol as a solution for alleviating menstrual pain, Role of Paracetamol in reducing menstrual cramps. Potential side effects or adverse reactions of Paracetamol in addition to Important precautions to take before using Paracetamol (e.g., liver or kidney conditions, interaction with other medications) are mentioned below.

 

I. Introduction

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a widely used medication known for its pain-relieving and fever-reducing properties. It is available over-the-counter and is recognized as a safe and effective option for managing various types of pain and discomfort.

A. Mechanism of Action: Paracetamol works by inhibiting the production of certain chemicals in the body that contribute to pain and inflammation, primarily in the central nervous system.

II. Pain Relief

B. Common Types of Pain: Paracetamol is commonly used to alleviate different types of pain, including headaches, muscle aches, toothaches, and joint pain. It is effective for mild to moderate pain.

C. Dosage and Administration: Proper dosing guidelines should be followed based on the individual’s age, weight, and the severity of the pain. It is important to read and follow the instructions provided on the packaging or consult a healthcare professional for guidance. MORE DOSAGE DETAILS OF PARACETAMOL CLICK HERE

III. Fever Reduction

A. How Paracetamol Helps: Paracetamol is effective in reducing fever by acting on the hypothalamus in the brain, which regulates body temperature. It helps to bring down elevated body temperature.

B. Conditions Involving Fever: Paracetamol is commonly used to manage fever associated with various conditions such as the common cold, flu, and other infections.

C. Proper Dosing Considerations: The dosage of Paracetamol for fever reduction is based on the individual’s age and weight. It is important to follow the recommended dosing intervals and not exceed the maximum daily dose.

Click here for exact dosage details of Paracetamol

IV. Cold and Flu Symptoms

A. Relief of Symptoms: Paracetamol provides relief from common symptoms associated with cold and flu, including headache, sore throat, body aches, and fever. It helps improve overall comfort during the illness.

B. Common Symptoms Addressed: Paracetamol is particularly effective in reducing headache pain and alleviating body aches and sore throat, making it a suitable choice for managing these symptoms.

C. Usage Recommendations: It is advisable to take Paracetamol as directed on the packaging or as recommended by a healthcare professional. It is important to consider other medications being taken and any specific instructions or warnings provided.

V. Menstrual Pain

A. Alleviating Menstrual Pain: Paracetamol is commonly used to relieve menstrual pain and discomfort, including menstrual cramps. It helps reduce the intensity of cramps and provides relief.

B. Role in Reducing Menstrual Cramps: Paracetamol works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are responsible for triggering uterine contractions and causing menstrual cramps.

C. Proper Use and Dosing Guidelines: It is recommended to take Paracetamol at the onset of menstrual pain and follow the recommended dosage instructions. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice, especially for severe or persistent menstrual pain.

VI. Precautions and Considerations

A. Potential Side Effects: Paracetamol is generally safe when used as directed, but it may have side effects in rare cases. These can include allergic reactions or liver damage if taken in excessive doses or with alcohol.

B. Precautions for Specific Conditions: Individuals with liver or kidney conditions, as well as those taking other medications, should exercise caution when using Paracetamol. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to ensure it is safe and appropriate.

C. Consulting a Healthcare Professional: If there are any concerns or questions regarding the use of Paracetamol, it is recommended to seek advice from a healthcare professional for personalized guidance.

 

Paracetamol uses in Fever


Acetaminophen is used medication for reducing fever and relieving mild to moderate pain. Here are some ways paracetamol is used in the context of fever:

Fever reduction: Paracetamol is widely used to lower fever in both adults and children. It works by acting on the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates body temperature, and helps to bring down elevated body temperature.

Pain relief: Paracetamol can also help alleviate pain associated with fever, such as headaches, muscle aches, and sore throat. It is particularly effective in managing mild to moderate pain.

Symptom relief: In addition to reducing fever and relieving pain, paracetamol can also provide symptomatic relief for other accompanying symptoms of fever, such as chills and discomfort.

 

Paracetamol uses in cough


Paracetamoll, is primarily used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain. While it may help alleviate discomfort associated with coughing, it does not directly target or treat the underlying causes of a cough.

Coughing is a natural reflex that helps clear the airways of irritants, mucus, or foreign substances. However, if a cough persists or is accompanied by severe symptoms, it is important to identify and address the underlying cause. Common causes of cough include respiratory infections (such as the common cold or flu), allergies, asthma, bronchitis, or even more serious conditions such as pneumonia.

In the case of a cough, it is generally more effective to focus on treating the underlying condition causing the cough rather than relying solely on paracetamol for symptom relief. Over-the-counter cough syrups or expectorants may be more appropriate to help alleviate cough symptoms by loosening mucus or suppressing the cough reflex.

It is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance if you have a persistent or severe cough. They can help identify the cause of the cough and recommend appropriate treatment options based on your specific condition.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, can be used to alleviate tooth pain on a temporary basis until you are able to see a dentist for proper evaluation and treatment. Here’s how paracetamol tablet can be used for tooth pain:

Pain relief: Paracetamol has analgesic properties and can help reduce mild to moderate tooth pain. It works by blocking certain pain signals in the brain.

Fever reduction: Tooth pain can sometimes be accompanied by fever. Paracetamol can help reduce fever if present along with tooth pain.

It’s important to note that paracetamol provides temporary relief and does not treat the underlying cause of the tooth pain. If you are experiencing tooth pain, it is advisable to schedule an appointment with a dentist as soon as possible to identify and address the underlying issue.

Additionally, follow the recommended dosage instructions provided by the manufacturer or consult a healthcare professional for guidance on the appropriate dosage based on your age, weight, and overall health condition. It’s essential to use paracetamol responsibly and avoid exceeding the recommended dosage to prevent potential adverse effects.

Please remember that this information is not a substitute for professional dental advice, and it’s important to consult a dentist for proper diagnosis and treatment of tooth pain.

Paracetamol tablet uses in pregnancy

The use of paracetamol during pregnancy is generally considered safe when used at the recommended doses. Paracetamol is commonly used to relieve pain and reduce fever in pregnant women. However, it’s always important to consult with a healthcare professional or your obstetrician before taking any medication during pregnancy, including paracetamol.

Here are some key points to consider regarding paracetamol use during pregnancy:

Pain relief: Paracetamol can be used to alleviate mild to moderate pain during pregnancy, such as headaches, muscle aches, or toothaches. It is often recommended as the first-line treatment for pain relief in pregnant women.

Fever reduction: Paracetamol is also effective in reducing fever, which can sometimes occur during pregnancy due to various reasons. Reducing fever is important to maintain the mother’s comfort and prevent any potential complications.

Recommended dosage: When using paracetamol during pregnancy, it’s important to follow the recommended dosage guidelines provided by your healthcare professional or the instructions on the packaging. It is typically considered safe when used at the recommended doses.

Avoid excessive use: It’s crucial to avoid excessive or prolonged use of paracetamol during pregnancy, especially at higher doses than recommended. Taking excessive amounts of paracetamol for an extended period can potentially have adverse effects on the mother and the developing fetus.

Seek medical advice: If you have any concerns or questions about using paracetamol or any other medication during pregnancy, it is always best to consult with your healthcare professional or obstetrician. They can provide personalized advice based on your specific situation and guide you on the appropriate use of medications.

Remember that each pregnancy is unique, and individual circumstances may vary. It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional to ensure the safe and appropriate use of any medication during pregnancy.


Paracetamol tablet uses in chronic diseases

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is commonly used for pain relief and fever reduction. However, its use in chronic diseases should be approached with caution, and it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice. Here are a few considerations regarding the use of paracetamol tablets in chronic diseases:

Liver disease: Paracetamol is primarily metabolized in the liver, so individuals with liver disease or impaired liver function should use paracetamol with caution. Excessive or prolonged use of high doses can potentially cause liver damage. It’s important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate guidance.

Kidney disease: Paracetamol is generally considered safe for individuals with kidney disease when used at recommended doses. However, individuals with severe kidney disease or on dialysis should consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage and monitor kidney function.

Cardiovascular disease: Paracetamol is typically considered safe for individuals with cardiovascular disease. However, certain formulations of paracetamol, such as combination products containing other ingredients like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may have cardiovascular risks. It’s important to read the product label and consult with a healthcare professional before using combination medications.

Other chronic conditions: Paracetamol can be used for pain relief in various chronic conditions, such as arthritis or chronic back pain. However, it is essential to consider any potential interactions with other medications being taken for the specific chronic condition. It’s recommended to consult with a healthcare professional to ensure the safe and appropriate use of paracetamol in conjunction with other treatments.

In general, it’s important to follow the recommended dosage guidelines and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any specific chronic disease or condition. They can provide personalized advice based on your individual health situation and help you determine the appropriate use of paracetamol or other medications.

Paracetamol tablet uses for head ache


Paracetamol is most commonly used for the relief of headache. It is effective in reducing mild to moderate pain, including headaches. Here’s how paracetamol tablets can be used for headache:

Pain relief: Paracetamol works by blocking certain pain signals in the brain, helping to alleviate headache pain. It is particularly effective for tension headaches and mild migraines.

Fever reduction: Paracetamol also has antipyretic properties, which means it can help reduce fever that may sometimes accompany certain types of headaches.

Here are a few important considerations when using paracetamol for headaches:

Dosage: It’s important to follow the recommended dosage instructions provided by the manufacturer or consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate dosing based on your age, weight, and overall health condition.

Combination medications: Paracetamol is often available in combination with other active ingredients, such as caffeine or aspirin. These combination products may provide additional benefits for specific types of headaches, but it’s important to read the product label and consult with a healthcare professional to determine the most suitable option for your specific headache type.

Caution with other medications: If you are taking other medications or have any underlying health conditions, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional or pharmacist to ensure that paracetamol does not interact with any other medications you are currently taking.

It’s important to note that while paracetamol can help provide temporary relief from headache pain, it does not address the underlying causes of recurrent or severe headaches. If you experience frequent or severe headaches, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management.

Caution 🙏 Pleas eremember that this information is not a substitute for professional medical advice. If you have specific concerns or questions about using paracetamol for headaches, it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance

Use of paracetamol for periods/Menstrual Stomach Pain

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) can be used to alleviate pain associated with menstrual periods, such as menstrual cramps or discomfort. Here’s how paracetamol can be used for period pain:

Pain relief: Paracetamol is an effective analgesic and can help reduce mild to moderate pain commonly experienced during menstrual periods. It works by blocking certain pain signals in the brain.

Menstrual cramps: Paracetamol can help alleviate menstrual cramps, also known as dysmenorrhea. These cramps are caused by the release of certain chemicals called prostaglandins, which cause the uterus to contract. Paracetamol can help reduce the intensity of these cramps and provide relief.

When using paracetamol for period pain, it’s important to follow the recommended dosage instructions provided by the manufacturer or consult with a healthcare professional. It’s generally advisable to start taking paracetamol as soon as the symptoms begin and continue as necessary, while not exceeding the recommended dosage.

It’s worth noting that if you consistently experience severe menstrual pain that significantly affects your daily activities or quality of life, it’s recommended to consult with a healthcare professional. They can help assess your symptoms, rule out any underlying conditions, and provide appropriate management options.

Remember, while paracetamol can help alleviate period pain, it does not address the underlying cause of menstrual discomfort. It is important to practice good self-care during your menstrual cycle, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, staying hydrated, applying heat to the abdomen, and practicing relaxation techniques.

 

 Conclusion

In summary, Paracetamol is a versatile medication used for pain relief, fever reduction, managing cold

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a widely used medication with several applications. Here are some common uses of paracetamol:

  1. Pain relief: Paracetamol is commonly used to alleviate mild to moderate pain, including headaches, toothaches, muscle aches, back pain, and menstrual pain.
  2. Fever reduction: Paracetamol is effective in reducing fever, making it useful for managing fever associated with illnesses such as the common cold, flu, or other infections.
  3. Cold and flu symptoms: Paracetamol can help relieve symptoms commonly experienced during cold and flu, such as headache, sore throat, and body aches.
  4. Post-vaccination discomfort: Paracetamol is sometimes recommended for managing pain or discomfort at the injection site following certain vaccinations.

If you have any concerns or questions about using paracetamol for pain or need further guidance, it’s best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice

Cetrizine COLD act Tablet Syrup || Child Adults Dose || Uses || Side Effects || Structure

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cetrizine kids adult dosage side affects

Cetirizine comes as a tablet, a chewable tablet, an extended release tablet, and a syrup (liquid) to take by mouth. It is usually taken once a day with or without food.
Cetirizine hydrochloride, is an orally active and selective H1-receptor antagonist. The chemical name is (±) – [2- [4- [ (4-chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid, dihydrochloride. Cetirizine hydrochloride is a racemic compound with an empirical formula of C21H25ClN2O3•2HCl.

The molecular weight is 461.82

cetrizine kids adult dosage side affects

Cetirizine USES

Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis:

This is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as ragweed, grass and tree pollens in adults and children 2 years of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, tearing, and redness of the eyes.

Perennial Allergic Rhinitis:

Cetrizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds in adults and children 6 months of age and older. Symptoms treated effectively include sneezing, rhinorrhea, postnasal discharge, nasal pruritus, ocular pruritus, and tearing.

Chronic Urticaria:

Cetrizine is indicated for the treatment of the uncomplicated skin manifestations of chronic idiopathic urticaria in adults and children 6 months of age and older. It
significantly reduces the occurrence, severity, and duration of hives and significantly reduces pruritus.

Citrizine Adult and kids dosages

Tablet

5 mg
10 mg
Tablet, oral-disintegrating

10 mg
Tablet, chewable

5 mg
10 mg
Syrup

5 mg/5 ml
Solution

5 mg/5 ml
Geriatric

5 mg orally once per day, may increase to 10 mg per day maximum, depending on the severity of the symptoms, not to exceed 5 mg per day in patients over 77 years old

Cetrizine side effects

drowsiness
excessive tiredness
dry mouth
stomach pain
diarrhea
vomiting

Cetirizine Mechanism of Actions:

Cetirizine, a human metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine; its principal effects are mediated via selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors. The
antihistaminic activity of cetirizine has been clearly documented in a variety of animal and human models. In vivo and ex vivo animal models have shown negligible anticholinergic and
antiserotonergic activity. In clinical studies, however, dry mouth was more common with cetirizine than with placebo. In vitro receptor binding studies have shown no measurable affinity
for other than H1 receptors. Autoradiographic studies with radiolabeled cetirizine in the rat have shown negligible penetration into the brain. Ex vivo experiments in the mouse have shown that
systemically administered cetirizine does not significantly occupy cerebral H1 receptors.

Cetirizine Pharmacokinetics:

Absorption:

Cetirizine was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of approximately 1 hour following oral administration of tablets or syrup in adults. Comparable bioavailability was found between the tablet and syrup dosage forms. When healthy volunteers
were administered multiple doses of cetirizine (10 mg tablets once daily for 10 days), a mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of 311 ng/mL was observed. No accumulation was observed.
Cetirizine pharmacokinetics were linear for oral doses ranging from 5 to 60 mg. Food had no effect on the extent of cetirizine exposure (AUC) but Tmax was delayed by 1.7 hours and Cmax
was decreased by 23% in the presence of food.

Distribution:

The mean plasma protein binding of cetirizine is 93%, independent of concentration in the range of 25-1000 ng/mL, which includes the therapeutic plasma levels
observed.

Metabolism:

A mass balance study in 6 healthy male volunteers indicated that 70% of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 10% in the feces. Approximately 50%
of the radioactivity was identified in the urine as unchanged drug. Most of the rapid increase in peak plasma radioactivity was associated with parent drug, suggesting a low degree of first-pass
metabolism. Cetirizine is metabolized to a limited extent by oxidative O-dealkylation to a metabolite with negligible antihistaminic activity. The enzyme or enzymes responsible for this
metabolism have not been identified.

Elimination:

The mean elimination half-life in 146 healthy volunteers across multiple pharmacokinetic studies was 8.3 hours and the apparent total body clearance for cetirizine was
approximately 53 mL/min.

Interaction Studies
Pharmacokinetic interaction studies with cetirizine in adults were conducted withpseudoephedrine, antipyrine, ketoconazole, erythromycin and azithromycin. No interactions were
observed. In a multiple dose study of theophylline (400 mg once daily for 3 days) and cetirizine (20 mg once daily for 3 days), a 16% decrease in the clearance of cetirizine was observed. The
disposition of theophylline was not altered by concomitant cetirizine administration.

Trade names of Cetirizine

 

A Cet (10mg)
A Cet (60ml)
A Cold
A Cold Susp.
A -Rest
Aalervin Plus (60 ml)
Aaptol CZ
Aceper
Acet (10mg)
Acit (10mg)
Affycet (10mg)
Aglocet
Aglocet
Aglocet (10mg)
Aglocet (30ml)
Agrocet (10mg)
Agrus NS
Agrus NS
Aiday (10mg)
Airtis (5mg) (Cetirizine)Alcare (10mg)
Alce (10mg)
Alcet (10mg)
Alcet (10mg) (Acron Pharma)
Alcet (10mg) (Acron Pharma)
Alcet (10mg) (Jocund India)
Alcet (10mg) (Pharmatech)
Alcet (Suzikem Drugs) (10mg)
Alcoryl
Alday (10mg)
Alday tab (10mg)
Alego (10mg)
Alerbloc (10mg)
Alerbloc (60ml)
Alergid (10mg)
Alergo (10mg)
Alerid
Alerid
Alerid
Alerid (10mg)Alerid (30ml)
Alerid Cold
Alerid Cold
Alernyl
Alertac (10mg)
Alertac (60ml)
Alertac Paed (5mg)
Alervin (10mg)
Alervin (60ml)
Alervin Plus
Alerzo (10mg)
Alger (5mg)
Alger (60ml)
Algine (10mg)
Alid (10mg)
All Care Plus
Allercet
Allercet
Allercet
Allercet (10mg)
Allercet (60ml)
Allercet P (5mg)
Allerhin (10mg)
Allerhin (60ml)
Allerzine (10mg)
Allicet (10mg)
Allset
Alocet (60ml)
Alquit (10mg)
Alrin Plus
Alvin (10mg)
Alzine Plus
Ambrolite-D (5mg/10mg/5mg/1.5mg/5mL)
Ambrolite-D (5mg/10mg/5mg/1.5mg/5mL)
Amven-C (2.5mg/30mg)
Analar (10mg)
Analer -C
Ancet (10mg)
Anncold
Anoril
Antized (10mg)
Antized (30ml)
Antized Plus
Anzin (10mg)
Ariwa
Arizine (10mg)
Arrest
Arzyt (10mg)
Atcet (10mg)
Atcet MD (10mg)
Atozine (10mg)
Avcet (10mg)
Avil-NU
Avizin (10mg)
Avizin (60ml)
AZ (10mg)
Bancet (10mg)
Bealert (10mg)
Benz AP
Benz -AP
Bio act (10mg)
Bio -Cold
Bioder Plus
Bio-Drug Laboratories Pvt Ltd
Biozin (10mg)
Bocet -BD
Brick
Brodcet		 Cetiriz (10mg)
Cetiriz (30ml)
Cetirizine (10mg)
Cetirizine-Di Hcl (10mg)
Cetiz (10mg)
Cetiz (10mg) (safe)
Cetiz (10mg) (vega pharma)
Cetlar (10 mg)
Cetlong
Cetlong
Cetlong (10mg)
Cetlong (50ml)
Cetmac (10mg)
Cetmac (30ml)
Cetmax (10mg)
Cet-Max (10mg)
Cetmex (20mg)
Cetnac (10mg)
Cetnaz (10mg)
Cetnet (10mg)
Cetnyl
Cetoday (10mg)
Cetoday Plus
Ceton – P
Ceton (10mg)
Ceton (30ml)
Cetos (10mg)
Cetoz (10mg)
Cetpine (30ml)
Cet-Q (10mg)
Cetra
Cetra (10mg)
Cetracare MD (10mg)
Cetract (10mg)
Cetrad (30ml)
Cetrahist (30ml)
Cetram (10mg)
Cetramac (10mg)
Cetree (10mg)
Cetrezol (10mg)
Cetrezol (5mg)
Cetrezol (60ml)
Cetrezol-D
Cetrezol-D Forte
Cetri (10mg)
Cetri -Plus
Cetricent-DT (10mg)
Cetrich (10mg)
Cetricon (10mg)
Cetrid (10mg)
Cetrid OD (10mg)
Cetridoc (10mg)
Cetrid-OD
Cetriken (10mg)
Cetril (10mg)
Cetril (30ml)
Cetrila (10mg)
Cetrila (60ml)
Cetrila Plus
Cetrila Plus (50 ml)
Cetril-DT (10mg)
Cetrilin (10mg)
Cetrilin (30ml)
Cetrilin (5mg)
Cetrimin (10mg)
Cetrimol (10mg)
Cetrimol P
Cetrimol Plus
Cetrina-MD (10mg)
Cetrine
Cetrine
Cetrine (10mg)
Cetrine (60ml)
Cetrino (10mg)
Cetrisan (10mg)
Cetrish (10mg)
Cetrison (10mg)
Cetrison (60ml)
Cetrisyn (10mg)
Cetritab (10mg)
Cetritop (10mg)
Cetriwal (10mg)
Cetriwin (10mg)
Cetrix
Cetriz (10mg)
Cetrizet (10mg)
Cetrizet (5mg)
Cetrizine (10mg)
Cetrizine (10mg) (Low Cost)
Cetroffin (10mg)
Cetrose (10mg)
Cetscal (10mg)
Cettop (10mg)
Cetup (10mg) (UPS Healthcare)
Ceture-DT (10mg)
Cetven DT (10mg)
Cetven-DT
Cetvil (10mg)
Cetvil (60ml)
Cet-Z (10mg)
Cetzen (10mg)
Cetzest
Cetzest
Cetzid-DT (10mg)
Cetzikan (10mg)
Cetzin (30ml)
Cetzine
Cetzine
Cetzine
Cetzine (10mg)
Cetzine (60ml)
Cetzy (10mg)
Cez
Cez (10mg)
Cezcold
Cezen (10mg)
Cezor (10mg)
Cheston Cold
Cheston Cold (Susp.)
Cinzim
Cistin (10mg)
Cistin (60ml)
Citerid (10mg)
CITI (10mg)
Citiz (10mg)
Citizen DT (10mg)
Citmol -D
Citol (60ml)
Citol DT (10mg)
Citol Plus
Citraclor (10mg)
Citrazan (10mg)
Citri A (10mg)
Citrimin (10mg)
Citrimin (30ml)
Citrimin D
Citrimin D (50 ml)
Citriz (10mg)
Citrizine (10mg)
Cizeb (10mg)
Claritec (10mg)
Cofstop Z
Cold Best
Cold Releive
Cold Relief
Coldace CT
Coldar +
Coldar + (50 ml)
Coldariv
Coldariv – All
Colday Plus
Colday Plus (60 ml)
Coldec (5mg/500mg/10mg/5mg)
Coldeon Plus
Colder + (50 ml)
Coldmed Plus
Coldrest
Coldrid
Coldstil
Coldtil
Coldwar Tab
Coldy
Combit
Confree
Cope (10mg)
Cor-4
Coriz
Corycet
Coryza – CT
Coszin (10mg)
Coszin (30ml)
CPS – 30
Crab (10mg)
CT (10mg)
CT Cold
CTZ (10mg)
Cypzine (10mg)
CZ 3 (10mg)
CZ 3 (60ml)
Cz Cold
CZ-3
CZ-3		 D – CD
D – Ice
D Cet (10mg)
D Quill
Daily (10mg)
Decet -BD
Decet -BD (100 ml)
Decet -BD (200 ml)
Decet -OD
Decocet Plus
Dexphen
Dextur
Dezist
Dio 1 (10mg)
Disnee tablets
Dnip
Dofcet (10mg)
Doriz (10mg)
Drinzine
Drykof
E Cet MD (10mg)
Ecitra (10mg)
Effmin – CZ
Ekon (30ml)
Ekon DT (10mg)
Ekon DT (5mg)
Elart (10mg)
Elcet (10mg)
Elcold
Elgnil
Elgnil (10mg)
Elgnil cold
Eltrazin (10mg)
Eltrazin (10mg)
Eltrizin (10mg)
ELU
Embargo (10mg)
Encet – D Plus
Encet (10mg)
Encold-P Tablet (5mg/325mg/5mg/30mg)
Endocard India Pvt.Ltd
Enecet (30ml)
Enecet -P
Enocet (10mg)
Ephiros
Ephiros
Esnopil
Esnopil Syrup
Etric DT (10mg)
Etrizin (10mg)
Excet (10mg)
Excet (60ml)
Eze DT (10mg)
Ezi
Fastcet (10mg)
Fastcet (30ml)
Fazine (5mg)
Fazine DT (10mg)
Fedrine 555
Fila-Cet
Flamoset (60ml)
Flomicet (10mg)
Floramin (10mg)
Flu 4XN
Fluban
Flugo Plus
Fomicet (10mg)
Formicet (10mg)
Fricold
Fulday (10mg)
Glycold
Grecet (10mg)
Gripcold -Plus
GRS Cet (10mg)
Haricold (100 ml)
Haricold (60 ml)
Hicet
Hicet (10mg)
Hicet (30ml)
Hicet DT (10mg) (Flora)
Hicet-DC (10mg/10mg)
Hiikold CZ
Hisdin CT (10mg)
Hisnofil
Hisnofil (10mg)
Hist OD (10mg)
Histacet (10mg)
Histacet -DA
Histacid (10mg)
Histanit (50ml)
Histazin (10mg)
Histodan Z
Hycet (10mg)
Hydrozet
Ifycet – P2
Ifycet DT (10mg)
Ifycet P
Illah (10mg)
IN Cold
Inalam (10mg)
Incetin (10mg)
Incetin (60ml)
Incez
Incez
Incez (60ml)
Incez DT (10mg)
Incid L (10mg)
Incid L (60ml)
Incold Syrup
Indikof -A
Intazin (10mg)
Intazin (30ml)
Intazin (5mg)
Isorid
Isorid
Jecet (10mg)
Jocet (10mg)
Jolly
Jpee (10mg)
Jyocet (10mg)
Jyocet -P
Kap
Kazicold
Kidcet
Kidcet (60ml)
Kidcold Z
Kofcet DT (10mg)
Kofrid
Kofrid D (60 ml)
Kofrid D Syr (100ml)
Kold Clear
Kold Time
Kolder Plus
Konokold		 L Cid (10mg)
L R G (10mg)
Lacold
Lancizin (10mg)
Lancizin (60ml)
Lecet (10mg)
Lemohist C
Lergi (10mg)
Leucold
Lexicet (10mg)
Lgnil (30ml)
Lifcet (10mg)
Lifcet Cold
Lifcet Cold (60 ml)
Lynacold
Lynacold (60 ml)
M Cet (10mg)
M Cet (30ml)
M Cit DT (10mg)
Marcold Tab
Mastifen-C
Mcet (10mg)
Mcet (30ml)
M-CIT
Merihist
Metacet -Cold
Metacold
Metriz (10mg)
Morazin (10mg)
Morazin (60ml)
Moredrill
MucoRespules-CZ (30mg/2.5mg/5mL)
Myzin (10mg)
N Cet Cold
N Zin (10mg)
N Zin (30ml)
Nacet (10mg)
Nacold
Nam Cold (60 ml)
Nam Cold Paed DPS (125mg/15mg/2mg)
Nam Cold paed drops
Nam Cold Syr
Nam Cold Z
Nancold
Natcold Plus
Nbcet (10mg)
Nemeriv – CP
Neusonil (10mg)
Nimucet Cold
Nine Cold (325mg/10mg/5mg/30mg/100mg)
No Aller (10mg)
Noalzy (10mg)
Noalzy Plus
Noco
Noco Syp
Nucod -PP
Nymopt Cold
Ocet (10mg)
Ocitiriz (10mg)
Odacet (10mg)
Odacet (30ml)
Odacet (60ml)
Odiday (60ml)
Odiday DT (10mg)
Okacet (30ml)
Okacet cold
Olcet (10mg)
Olcit (10mg)
Onacold SF
Onacold Syrup
Oncet (10mg)
Oncet -CF
Oneday (10mg)
Onrhin
Opner -Fast
Opticet (10mg)
Oricet
Osalka (100ml)
Oshzin (10mg)
P -Cold
P -Dex Cold
Pace (Bewell)
Pamagin C
Pamagin C tab
Pancet (10mg)
Paracet
Paracet (60 ml)
Paracet DT (10mg)
Paracold Susp
Parcet
Parcet PP
Plus-War
Precold
Prenoc-Cold
Pseudosit		 C Day (10mg)
C -Knot
C T Cold
C Tec (10mg)
Carcet FC
Carcet Forte
CCF
CCFS
Ce-10 (10mg)
Cecold
Cedo Plus
Ceetive PlusCefid (10mg)
Cepar Cold
Ceriz (10mg)
Ceriz (30ml)
Cerizine FT (5mg)
Certen (10mg
Certen D
Certiwon
Certiwon (10mg)
Cet (10mg)
CET (10mg) (libra)
Cet CCF
Cet PLUS
Cetafed
Cetag (10mg)
Cetall (10mg)
Cetanj DP

 

 

 

 

Cold tablet names in Telugu

Cetirizine is indicated for the relief of nasal and ocular symptoms of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.
– Cetirizine is indicated for the relief of symptoms of chronic idiopathic urticaria.

Posology and method of administration
Children aged from 6 to 12 years: 5mg twice daily (a half tablet twice daily).
Adults and adolescents over 12 years of age: 10mg once daily (1 tablet)
The tablets need to be swallowed with a glass of liquid.

Cetrizine Overdose

Symptoms
Symptoms observed after an overdose of cetirizine are mainly associated with CNS effects or with effects that could suggest an anticholinergic effect. Adverse events
reported after an intake of at least 5 times the recommended daily dose are: confusion, diarrhoea, dizziness, fatigue, headache, malaise, mydriasis, pruritus, restlessness,
sedation, somnolence, stupor, tachycardia, tremor, and urinary retention.
Management
There is no known specific antidote to cetirizine. Should overdose occur symptomatic or supportive treatment is recommended. Gastric lavage should be considered
following ingestion of a short occurrence. Alternatively consider activated charcoal.
Cetirizine is not effectively removed by dialysis.

Best cough syrup names in India for Adults & Kids – List

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Best brand cough syrup names in India

Best cough syrup in India : As we are aware Cough syrups are to be taken based on the type of cough a particular person persist with either dry or wet with sputum. It also depends on the root cause of the cough. Cough could be due to infection, asthma, tuberculosis, bronchitis (swelling of the lining of the lungs) or some medicines like ACE inhibitors. Cough syrups are of following types :

1. Cough suppressants: These are used for dry irritating cough. Usually, these contain a medicine called Dextromethorphan.

2. Expectorants: These are used in cough with mucus or sputum. These generally contain a medicine called guaifenesin.

If cough persists for more than a month, you should not self medicate and should visit your doctor

Best cough syrup names in India for Adults Kids - List

 

Cough Syrup for instant relief

ASCORIL COUGH SYRUP
Manufactured by Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ascoril Cough Syrup belongs to the class of drugs called ‘ expectorants ’. This medicine is used to treat sinusitis, cough, common cold , congestion, bronchitis, and breathing problems.

Nature: Expectorant Drug
Uses: Wet cough, Chest congestion, Cold, Asthma, Breathing disorders, Sinusitis, and Bronchitis.
Composition Ambroxol, Guaifenesin, Levosalbutamol
Side Effects Drowsiness, Dizziness, Upset stomach, Blurred Vision, Dry Mouth, Constipation, Dry nose and throat
Precautions Pregnancy, Lactation, Liver and kidney-related ailments, Alcohol Consumption

Cough Syrup for Wet Cough

Benadryl Cough Syrup
If you are looking forward to a cough syrup that addresses both your dry cough as well as wet cough concerns, then it is definitely Benadryl cough syrup that you should opt for. Benadryl cough syrup relieves both dry cough and wet cough problems. You might ask how a single cough syrup can relieve both wet and dry cough?

Benadryl contains mucolytic agent and suppressing agents such as codeine, diphenhydramine which help in getting rid of wet and dry cough respectively. As a bonus, the syrup also helps in soothing your throat and releases the irritation.

Key Benefits of Benadryl Cough Syrup: –
Multi symptoms cough relief.
Soothes a sore throat and cleans it.
The fastest relief provided by a cough syrup for cough & cold problems.
Quick action – Starts acting within 15 minutes of consumption.

Cough Syrup for Dry Cough

Corex Cough Syrup:

It is a combination of Chlorpheniramine that helps in actively reducing inflammation, itchiness and tickling sensation that is known to be caused by cough. Its ingredient, codeine phosphate helps to reduce pain, along with menthol that fights to provide a cooling sensation in your throat. A dosage of 5ml is recommended for adults and kids 1.25-2.5ml is a good dosage. Being on the sedative side due to the anti-histamine agent, it is best recommended for consumption in the night

The common side effects are Headache, Anemia, Tachycardia, constipation, dry mouth.

Cough Syrup for painful Cough

Asthalin Expectorant Cough Syrup:
asthalin syrup for cough

This syrup is combination syrup, one that is made up of Guaiphenesin, an expectorant, and salbutamol, which is a bronchodilator. A dosage of 10-20 ml thrice daily and for children above 6 to 12 years, 10ml thrice daily is the recommended dosage. Make sure to consult your doctor for expert advice before consuming Asthalin.

The syrup is recommended for asthma patients, and for those people who are infected with a cough caused due to Bronchitis, Emphysema and other lung infection. For the pregnant ladies, it is advised to take the advice of the doctor before consuming.

Cough Syrup for Kids Child Cough

HIMALAYA KOFLET

Koflet is beneficial in both productive and dry cough. The mucolytic and expectorant properties reduce the viscosity of bronchial secretions and facilitate expectoration. Koflet’s peripheral antitussive (cough suppressant) action reduces bronchial mucosal irritation and related bronchospasms. In addition, the anti-allergic, antimicrobial and immune-modifying properties provide relief from cough. The demulcent action of Koflet syrup soothes respiratory passages.

Cough Syrup for Infant & Toddler Cough

Timinic Syrup

Ascoril Kid

Kofarest

Chlorpheniramine, dextromethorphan, and phenylephrine is a combination medicine used to treat a cough, runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, itching, and watery eyes caused by allergies, the common cold, or the flu.Chlorpheniramine is an antihistamine that reduces the effects of natural chemical histamine in the body. Histamine can produce symptoms of sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and runny nose.

Best brand cough syrup names in India

Try these herbal cough syrups to get rid of your irritating cough and cold, the most natural and safe way. These natural ingredients cure the disease without causing any side effects. Please don’t forget to share your experience and feedback in the comments section below.

Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

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Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Breastfeeding mothers wonder whether some quick relief from over-the-counter medications could negatively impact their breastfeeding baby. When it comes to your baby no loss can be afforded if it poses even a negligible risk and therefore while taking medications for common cold flu, pregnant women are to follow special instructions. Research shows that some cold and flu medications are better than others when it comes to breastfeeding.
Here are some cold flu medications that are safe while breastfeeding.
The common active ingredients in cold and flu syrups are Dextromethorphan, acetaminophen, and doxylamine succinate along with their generic ingredients.

Dextromethorphan is a cough suppressant commonly used for treating colds in children and adults. It is generally considered safe while breastfeeding.
Acetaminophen, a drug used to treat pain and reduce fever in adults and children, works for pregnant women as well.
A common active ingredient in the nighttime formulations is doxylamine succinate, an antihistamine that causes sedation in its users and can be used for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. This drug is considered safe while breastfeeding yet extensive study is going on.

Another fever reducer and pain medication naming Ibuprofen often used during a cold, also safe for infants of breastfeeding mothers. Even high maternal consumption of ibuprofen leads to very little excretion in breast milk.
Phenylephrine is most commonly used as a nasal decongestant in adults and children. It is generally considered safe while breastfeeding unless there has been high maternal consumption of the drug, and can cause tachycardia and hypertension in sensitive individuals as phenylephrine has poor oral bioavailability.
Pseudoephedrine, a nasal decongestant commonly used to treat colds, has shown to be secreted in breast milk in extremely low levels and is considered safe while breastfeeding.
During the cold and flu season, nasal sprays are additionally used. These include fluticasone and oxymetazoline (Afrin). Fluticasone is a steroid that is of intranasal use for congested noses and additionally for asthma. When using the medication as indicated, maternal plasma levels are undetectable. Thus, it is unlikely that a significant amount of this drug would pass into breastmilk to affect a breastfeeding infant. Oxymetazoline is another intranasal decongestant used quite frequently for runny noses. Due to the local effect of this drug, it is unlikely that significant levels of this drug would be transferred to a breastfeeding infant and is preferred over oral decongestants during breastfeeding. Oxymetazoline use should be limited to 3 days to avoid rebound congestion.
Vitamin C intake is effective for cold-fighting. Although its efficacy is still in research, it is likely not harmful to supplement while breastfeeding. Even high levels of maternal consumption resulted in only slightly increased levels in breastmilk.

Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding
Safe Cold Flu Medications during Pregnancy & Breast Feeding

Here is a table to classify the safety level of the medications as per data collected:-

Medication Breastfeeding Class Description
Acetaminophen L1 Extensive data. Compatible.
Dextromethorphan L1 Extensive data. Compatible.
Ibuprofen L1 Extensive data. Compatible.
Vitamin C L1 Limited data. Probably compatible.
Diphenhydramine L2 Limited data. Probably compatible.
Zinc Oxide L2 Limited data. Probably compatible.*
Zinc Salts L2 Limited data. Probably compatible.*
Doxylamine                                   L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Fluticasone L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Guaifenesin L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Ozymetazoline L3 No Data. Probably compatible.
Phenylephrine L3 No data. Probably compatible.
Pseudoephedrine L3 Limited data. Probably compatible
*Avoid early postnatal use when milk levels of zinc are high.

Painkiller / Pain reliever Medications for Dogs – Vetty Suggest Pain Pills

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medication for my per dog painkiller

Painkiller/Pain reliever Medications for Dogs are in this article. There is a saying that if you want to experience unconditional love you must own a dog. Naturally, when your dog hurts, it painful to watch and you want to help him feel better. Our society’ structure is such that many stray animals are left out on road without any shelter or treatment they need. This causes an imbalance in the environment and the disease spreads here and there. Your vet will recommend medication based on what’s going or you might already know what the problem is, and you could be searching for a medicine you can use. In the meantime, you can figure out a safe pain reliever for your dog which is equally a tough job. Also, in this article, there are dos and don’ts for treating your dog.

Here are a few ways to help ease the pain of dogs.

medication for my per dog painkiller

Putting up NSAIDs

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) help reduce swelling, stiffness, and joint pain in humans and they can be put to the dogs in need. These are a group of medications, including ibuprofen and aspirin which reduces inflammation, pain and fever. There are special NSAIDs designed just for dogs but in some sort of situations, you can give your dog a human medication.
Some of the NSAIDs for dogs are Meloxicam (Metacam), Carprofen (Novox or Rimadyl), Firocoxib (Previcox) & Deracoxib (Deramaxx). These medications can all be prescribed by your vet. These painkillers can bring relief to a dog with arthritis, or one who’s just had surgery. The vet can also diagnose what’s causing the pain and help to treat that. Likely, your vet might recommend that you give your dog aspirin under their supervision.

 

Painkiller / Pain reliever Medications for Dogs – Vetty Suggest Pain Pills

Other Medications
Usually, NSAIDs are good at relieving pain there is no need for veterinarians to prescribe other kinds of painkillers often. But at times the dogs may require more options. Your vet might prone to suggest you about gabapentin or tramadol.
There are some factors to keep in mind while giving the dogs’ painkillers such as an incorrect dose, problems with mixing medications and sensitivity to human medications can all cause problems. It is to be taken care of that in varied cases human medications given to dogs could cause severe complications including:
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Ulcers
• Holes in the stomach lining
• Liver and kidney damage
Normally, just like humans dogs and other animals are also liable to get some side effects on having painkillers.
You are to watch out for:
• Changes in behavior
• Loss of appetite
• Skin redness
• Digestive issues, including diarrhea and vomiting
Moreover, the vet is much more knowledgeable about the dog’s health, so they can give you more insight about what to look for.

Oxytocin: Functions Drugs Side Effects Contraindications Pharmacokinetics Dynamics

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Oxytocin: Functions Drugs Side Effects Contraindications Pharmacokinetics Dynamics

Oxytocin is a hormone, predominately belonging to mammalian family; it is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. After its release in the blood stream it cannot re-enter the brain due to the presence of blood brain barrier .Oxytocin is a hormone that has both peripheral and central actions. y are synthesized in the magnocellular neurons present in the supra–optic and Para –ventricular nucleus present in the hypothalamus. The universally known functions would include its role at the time of labour and ejection of milk. The functions which remain partially unknown are in erectile responses, ejaculation, bonding, and feeling of love and maintenance of eye contact during a conversation. 

Functions and roles of Oxytocin:

Oxytocin plays a key role in establishing trust , falling in love , parturition , milk ejection, mother – child bond , erection and ejaculatory response in males. Oxytocin insuffiency is leads to increased stress and sleep disturbances. The solution to the above mentioned problem lies in creating a drug which can mimic the functional properties of Oxytocin, which was achieved. Oxytocin has been widely used in the field of gynaecology to induce labour. It is also administered to patients i.e. mothers who are unable to produce milk after parturition. The invention of Oxytocin nasal sprays is not unknown. Recommended doses when administered to autism patients are proven to increase the sense of trust at the time of communication.

Mechanism of OXYTOCIN

Oxytocin is a naturally occurring nonapeptide hormone which acts through a G-protein coupled cell surface receptor to stimulate contractions of the uterus. A synthetic version of this hormone is used to induce contractions of the uterus which are indistinguishable from spontaneous labour.

Pharmacokinetics

Oxytocin is administered as a slow intravenous infusion (to induce or augment labour), or as a single intramuscular or intravenous injection to help prevent and treat uterine atony and postpartum haemorrhage. In pregnant women, oxytocin is metabolised very quickly in the maternal circulation by an aminopeptidase enzyme which cleaves the protein leaving it without biological function. This oxytocinase activity is also seen within the placenta and uterine tissue, and activity increases throughout pregnancy where at term the half -life of oxytocin is between 2 and 20 minutes.

Oxytocin: Functions Drugs Side Effects Contraindications Pharmacokinetics Dynamics

Adverse effects

The main side effects are related to overstimulation of the uterus which can compromise the placental blood supply and fetal well-being, and can also contribute to rupture of the uterus especially in women who have had a previous caesarean delivery. Oxytocin is similar in structure to Vasopressin which is also produced by the posterior pituitary, and prolonged administration with intravenous fluids may lead to fluid overload, pulmonary oedema and water intoxication.

Oxytocin Molecular Formula

It has a molecular formula of C43H66N12O12S 2.

Oxytocin drugs:

Oxytocin is also known as Pitocin, Syntocinon, Ocytocin, Endopituitrina, Oxitocina, Oxytocine, Oxytocinum, Oxytocic hormone and Orasthin.

It has a molecular formula of C43H66N12O12S 2. They are commercially available as intravenous and intramuscular injections , nasal sprays and sublingual tablets .The commonly used Anirudha kabilan /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 6(4), 2014, 220-223 221 drug types are pitocin and syntocinon, the chemical resemblance to Oxytocin makes them an ideal drug of choice for various cases for example at time if parturition . Pitocin is composed of oxtocic acid/ml along with chlorobutanol , a chloroform derivative. However medical supervision is mandatory to rule out the onset of complications (20,31). The general uses of these Oxytocin drugs would include induction of labour .Under appropriate level , at the time delivery, Oxytocin binds to the receptors present in the myometrium , activates the pathway of hydrolysis of phoshotidyl inositol and diacyl glycerol, there by activating the same. This activation causes the release of intracellular Ca+ which causes contraction of the uterus .In conditions associated with low level of Oxytocin production this process is carried out by Oxytocin drugs (29, 27) Incase of people suffering from autism, administration of pitocin is said to reduce repetitive behaviour and also enhances speech. Few researches have proved the improvement of trust in people affected by autism when they were given pitocin nasal sprays. It also enhances eye to eye contact in these individuals. Pitcoin helps in social interaction in people who suffer from schizophrenia . So pitocin may not only combat hallucinogens and psychosis, but also make human interaction easier . Being a new field if research there is not enough evidence to prove the role pitocin in both autism and schizophrenia. Further, they are also used to cure problems in erectile responses, ejaculation, depression, anxiety, and stress management

Dosage of Oxytocin:

10 units by intravenous route or 20-40 mUnit/min by Intramuscular route are injected for post partum haemorrhage. 0.5-1 mUnit/min by intravenous route for the induction of labour.10-20 mUnit/min is administered along with other drugs for termination of pregnancy.

Pharmacodynamics

Uterine contractions are seen after 3-5 minutes and approx 1 minute of aministration through intramuscular and intravenous routes respectively. A steady state of the drug is reached after 40 mins of parenteral route of administration. It is distributed throughout extracellular fluid compartment of the mother; small amounts may cross the placental barrier and reach foetus. Metabolism takes place rapidly via the liver and plasma by the enzyme oxytocinase a few steps of metabolism also takes place via mammary gland. It has a half-life of 1-5 minute. Kidney and liver help in the elimination of Oxytocin drugs( 9) unchanged form of this drug is rarely excreted in urine (30). Overdose can cause titanic uterine contractions, impaired blood flow to the uterus, uterine ruptures, seizures and amniotic fluid embolism contractions, impaired blood flow to the uterus, uterine ruptures, seizures and amniotic fluid embolism.

Contraindications:

Significant cephalopelvic disproportion
Unfavourable foetal positions
Obstetric emergencies which favours surgery
Hyperactive or hypertonic uterus
When vaginal delivery is contraindicated,
Anaphylactic patients, Foetal distress
Polyhydramnios
Partial placenta pervia
Elective labour induction

Side effects

 Nausea or vomiting
 Memory problems or confusion
 Runny nose, sore throat, or coughing
 severe headaches
 hallucinations
 vomiting
 confusion
 Seizures and severe hypertension

Clinical Scenario 1

 Which of the following abnormalities of labor is associated with a significantly increased incidence of neonatal
morbidity?
a. Prolonged latent phase
b. Protracted descent
c. Secondary arrest of dilation
d. Protracted active-phase dilation
Answer: c (Secondary arrest of dilation)
Explanation:
Three significant advances in the treatment of uterine dysfunction have reduced the risk of perinatal morbidity (PNM) and
mortality: (1) the avoidance of undue prolongation of labor, (2) the use of intravenous oxytocin in the treatment of some patterns
of uterine dysfunction, and (3) the liberal use of cesarean section (rather than midforceps) to affect delivery when oxytocin fails.

Clinical Scenario 2

Management of obstructed labor includes all, except:
[AIIMS May 2004]
a. IV fluids
b. Oxytocin use
c. Antibiotics
d. Cesarean section
Answer: b (Oxytocin use)
Explanation:
Two main principles in management of obstructed labor are:
1. Never wait and watch.
2. Never use oxytocin.
In patients of obstructed labor, the uterine contractions (power) are always adequate.
There is a problem with the passage or the passenger.
By increasing the power (by giving oxytocin) we are increasing the risk of rupture uterus.
It is like flogging a dead horse. Uterus is already contracting, and there is no point in increasing the contractions further in
a case of obstructed labor.
The patient should be given IV fluids to correct the dehydration and ketoacidosis, which usually develops due to prolonged
labor. Patient should be given antibiotics to prevent infection, and then steps should be taken to immediately relieve
the obstruction either by instrumental deliver or by LSCS. LSCS may have to be done even if the baby is dead and if vaginal
delivery is not possible, or else rupture uterus will occur.
NOTE: In cases of prolonged labor where there are hypotonic uterine contractions, oxytocin is justified.

Drugs for Cough – Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

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Drugs for Cough - Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages. It occurs due to stimulation of mechano- or chemoreceptors in throat, respiratory passages or stretch receptors in the lungs. Cough may be useful or useless. Useless (nonproductive) cough should be suppressed.
Useful (productive) cough serves to drain the airway, its suppression is not desirable, may even be harmful, except if the amount of expectoration achieved is small compared to the effort of continuous coughing. Apart from specific remedies (antibiotics, etc. see box), cough may be treated as a symptom (nonspecific therapy) with:

1. Pharyngeal demulcents

  1. Lozenges,
  2. cough drops,
  3. linctuses containing syrup,
  4. glycerine,
  5. liquorice.

2. Expectorants (Mucokinetics)

Expectorants thin mucus so it’s cleared more easily out of the airways. They also soothe mucous membranes in the respiratory tract. The result is a more productive cough.

(a) Bronchial secretion enhancers:

Sodium or Potassium citrate, Potassium iodide, Guaiphenesin (Glyceryl guaiacolate), balsum of Tolu, Vasaka, Ammonium chloride.

(b) Mucolytics:

Mucolytics act directly on mucus, breaking down sticky, thick secretions so that they’re more easily eliminated

Bromhexine, Ambroxol, Acetyl cysteine, Carbocisteine

3. Antitussives (Cough centre suppressants)

(a) Opioids:

Codeine, Ethylmorphine, Pholcodeine.

The opioid antitussives (typically codeine and hydrocodone) are reserved for treating an intractable cough.

(b) Nonopioids:

Antitussive drugs suppress or inhibit coughing.
Types of antitussives
Antitussives are typically used to treat dry, nonproductive coughs. The major antitussives include:
• benzonatate
• codeine
• dextromethorphan
• hydrocodone bitartrate.

Noscapine, Dextromethorphan, Chlophedianol.

(c) Antihistamines:

Chlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine, Promethazine.

Drugs for Cough - Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

(d) Peripherally acting:

Prenoxdiazine.

4. Adjuvant antitussives

Bronchodilators: Salbutamol, Terbutalin.

Paracetamol || Child Adults Dosage Weight Calculator || Uses || Side Effects || Structure

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Paracetamol Dosage - Children 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 years

Paracetamol Dosage By Weight Child

The correct dose of paracetamol for a child depends on their weight. The usual dose is 15 mg per kilogram of weight. In other words, if a baby weighs 10 kg it should have 10 x 15mg, which is 150 mg. This dose can be taken once every 4 to 6 hours, up to 4 times in 24 hours if needed.

Maximum Dose Of Paracetamol For Child

For children without underlying medical conditions, or with underlying medical conditions that are not inflammatory in nature, beginning treatment with oral paracetamol is preferred because of its long track record of safety.
The correct dose of paracetamol for a child depends on their weight. The usual dose is 15 mg per kilogram of weight.
You should not exceed the recommended dose except on the advice of your doctor. No child should take a total of more than 60 mg per kilogram of their body weight in a day.

Paracetamol tablet dosage for 10 year old:

Example of calculating a paracetamol dose:

A boy, aged 10 years, weighing 67 kg presents with myalgia of a suspected viral cause. You prescribe paracetamol for management at home. The calculation for paracetamol dosing is 15 mg × 67 kg = 1005 mg , however, you round this down to the maximum adult dose of 1 g, which is prescribed as 20 mL of a 250 mg/5 mL formulation, every four to six hours with no more than four doses every 24 hours.

Paracetamol Dosage Weight Calculator

Paracetamol is a medicine that is commonly used in children and adults which is available without a prescription. The main uses of paracetamol are for relief of pain and for reducing a fever.
Paracetamol Dosage By Weight Adults

Paracetamol Dosage - Children 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 years

Paracetamol Side Effects:

Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used ‘over-the-counter’ medicines, especially for the minor illnesses suffered by many children. But it is not always used in the correct dosage, which may make it less effective or dangerous.

Reasons Side Effects with paracetamol included:

  1. Exceeding recommended doses
  2. Too frequent dosing
  3. Prolonged dosing (up to 24 days in one case)

Paracetamol rarely causes side-effects when it is taken as recommended, but if you experience any symptoms which you think may be due to it, discuss them with your pharmacist or doctor.

Paracetamol Contraindications:

Paracetamol overdose can result in liver damage and, at very high dosages, can be fatal.

Some people need to take extra care with paracetamol. Like :

If you have had an allergic reaction to paracetemol or any other medicines in the past
If you have liver or kidney problems
If you regularly drink more than the maximum recommended amount of alcohol (14 units a week)
If you take medicine for epilepsy
If you take medicine for tuberculosis (TB)
If you take the blood-thinner warfarin and you may need to take paracetamol on a regular basis

Paracetamol Indication:

Too much paracetamol is very harmful to the liver.

If you realise you have had too much (including other products with paracetamol in it), call your doctor, nurse or the Poisons Centre 0800 POISON (0800 764 766) immediately.
Older people are most at risk so take extra care.
Do NOT wait for signs of an overdose as these appear late when the damage to the liver is already done.

Late signs may include:

  • nausea or vomiting
  • diarrhoea,
  • yellow skin or eyes,
  • poor appetite,
  • confusion or extreme sleepiness.

paracetamol dosage weight calculator:

Maximum dose of paracetamol for Adults:

Do not take more than 4 grams in 24 hours. This equates to 8 x 500 mg tablets, or 6 X 665 mg tablets per day.
Keep track of the timing of the doses and check when it was last taken before taking it again.

Paracetamol tablet dosage for children:

The oral dose of paracetamol for children aged 1 month to 18 years is:

15 mg/kg per dose, to a maximum of 1 g per dose, every four to six hours, with a maximum of 60 mg/kg daily, without exceeding 4 g daily

paracetamol dosage by weight adults

Paracetamol Dosage for Infants:

For children aged 6 months-1 year: 120 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
For children aged 3-5 months: 60 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
For children aged 2 months following immunization: 60 mg, repeated once after 4-6 hours if needed.

Paracetamol Dosage for Toddlers:

For children aged 2-3 years: 180 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
For children aged 6 months-1 year: 120 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.

Paracetamol Uses:

Paracetamol is Used for Pain and fever (high temperature) in adults and children. Available as Tablet, capsule, soluble tablet, ‘melt-in-the-mouth’ tablet, oral liquid, oral liquid sachets, suppository and injection

FOR MORE DETAILS OF USES OF PARACETAMOL CLICK

Paracetamol 500mg Dosage

Generally 3 times a day or 500 mg 6hrs

Paracetamol Dosage For 12 Year Old

Paracetamol Dosage Calculator Adults:

The usual dose in adults is 500 mg to 1 gram (1 or 2 tablets) every 4 to 6 hours when required for pain.

Paracetamol can be safely used by adults including pregnant women but there is a limit to the amount of paracetamol that can be safely taken in a 24-hour period. Taking more than the daily limit is very harmful to the liver. For adults the usual maximum dose is 4 grams per day. This may be less if you are frail or elderly.

Paracetamol tablets are available in two strengths — 500 mg tablets or 665 mg tablets.
The 665 mg tablets are used for osteoarthritis

Paracetamol 500mg

Paracetamol is used for relief of pain and Fever. Analgesic and Anti Pyretic. Paracetamol has analgesic (pain relief) and antipyretic(reduces fever) but no anti-inflammatory activity; it is less irritant to the stomach than Ibuprofen.
It will not cause drowsiness or cause your child to sleep. It can be used for children and babies over 3 months old. Younger babies must see the doctor.
Paracetamol is highly lipid-soluble and has a relatively short half life of 2–2.5 hours.2 Following oral administration, paracetamol is rapidly absorbed across the mucosa of the duodenum and into the bloodstream where it is mainly metabolised by the liver.

Paracetamol Dosage By Weight Child Adult pdf

Recommended doses of paracetamol are:

 

  • For adults and children aged 16 years and older: 500 mg-1 g every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of 4 g daily.
  • For children aged 12-15 years: 480-750 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 10-11 years: 480-500 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 8-9 years: 360-375 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 6-7 years: 240-250 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 4-5 years: 240 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 2-3 years: 180 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 6 months-1 year: 120 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 3-5 months: 60 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.
  • For children aged 2 months following immunization: 60 mg, repeated once after 4-6 hours if needed.

Paracetamol Tablet

Food Interactions to Paracetamol: 🙄 

Avoid alcohol (may increase risk of hepatotoxicity).
Take without regard to meals.

Pharmacodynamics of Paracetamol: 😆 

Acetaminophen (USAN) or Paracetamol (INN) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug that is used for the relief of fever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. It is a major ingredient in numerous cold and flu medications and many prescription analgesics. It is extremely safe in standard doses, but because of its wide availability, deliberate or accidental overdoses are not uncommon. Acetaminophen, unlike other common analgesics such as aspirin and ibuprofen, has no anti-inflammatory properties or effects on platelet function, and it is not a member of the class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs. At therapeutic doses acetaminophen does not irritate the lining of the stomach nor affect blood coagulation, kidney function, or the fetal ductus arteriosus (as NSAIDs can). Like NSAIDs and unlike opioid analgesics, acetaminophen does not cause euphoria or alter mood in any way. Acetaminophen and NSAIDs have the benefit of being completely free of problems with addiction, dependence, tolerance and withdrawal. Acetaminophen is used on its own or in combination with pseudoephedrine, dextromethorphan, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, codeine, hydrocodone, or oxycodone.

Pharmacology and Mechanism of action of Paracetamol:

Acetaminophen is thought to act primarily in the CNS, increasing the pain threshold by inhibiting both isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3 enzymes involved in prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Unlike NSAIDs, acetaminophen does not inhibit cyclooxygenase in peripheral tissues and, thus, has no peripheral anti-inflammatory affects. While aspirin acts as an irreversible inhibitor of COX and directly blocks the enzyme’s active site, studies have found that acetaminophen indirectly blocks COX, and that this blockade is ineffective in the presence of peroxides. This might explain why acetaminophen is effective in the central nervous system and in endothelial cells but not in platelets and immune cells which have high levels of peroxides. Studies also report data suggesting that acetaminophen selectively blocks a variant of the COX enzyme that is different from the known variants COX-1 and COX-2. This enzyme is now referred to as COX-3. Its exact mechanism of action is still poorly understood, but future research may provide further insight into how it works. The antipyretic properties of acetaminophen are likely due to direct effects on the heat-regulating centres of the hypothalamus resulting in peripheral vasodilation, sweating and hence heat dissipation.

Paracetamol Structure

Paracetamol 3D Structure -Tablet Acetaminophen composition Paracetamol Structure -Acetaminophen chemical structure

paracetamol 125 mg dosage

Paracetamol dosage for 12 year old

Paracetamol dose for children aged 12-15 years: 480-750 mg every 4-6 hours up to a maximum of four doses daily.