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Here in this article you can learn How to Write a Letter of Interest for a Job in Simple Steps.

 Simple steps to  write Effective Letter of Interest for jobs

A letter of interest (cover letter) is crucial when you start a job application process. In simple it is a letter usually used to introduce yourself and your qualifications (Eligibility & Skills) to someone who is in a hiring position of the company or organization. Your resume or CV should always accompany your job interest letter when you are sending it to a potential employer. You need to know few things like letter of interest format when you write it. As first impression is the best impression make sure you don’t drop your ball at the first step of the hiring process. We present you few best tips and suggestions as you start writing your job interest letter.

Compile your thoughts prior you start the letter

 You need to organize your thoughts and ideas. write them down as draft to summarize them logically and sequentially in your cover letter. Prepare lists of your skills related to the present position you are applying, work experience. Analyse your educational achievements, projects and other courses which you feel will add to the current opening.

Highlight the “Purpose” of your letter within the First Paragraph

You need to draw special attention of the hiring person to the position you really interested along with the department you want to work in the first para itself. You need to give the details of source from where you got to know about the opening like news paper or website.Express you interest towards the position or employment in that organization.

Need to market your Qualifications

In the Second Paragraph, you need to market your educational qualifications, experience, skills and even yourself. You can make your resume highlight with a powerful cover letter prepared by matching your skills perfectly with the position and the company profile. Address the desired criteria of the job requirement as your strengths.

Never miss to encourage the recruiter to contact you

Express your keen interest in a meeting or interview with the hirer to discuss in detail about your educational qualifications, skills and experience. Include your contact information in the third paragraph. Provide your telephone number, email address.

 

Format for the Letter of Interest (Cover Letter)

Your Local Street Address

City, State and Zip Code

Date

Mr./Ms. First and Last Name

Title

Name of Firm or Organization

Street Address

City, State and Zip Code

Dear Mr./Ms. Last Name:

First Paragraph:

Indicate the purpose for your letter and the position or field of work or the department in which you are really interested. If you are applying for a specific opening, indicate how you learned of the vacancy (i.e. website, CDC’s eRecruiting, referral).

Second Paragraph:

Market your qualifications for current position only. Give details of your academic background, skills and interests, experience, and activities which will contribute to the success of their organization

Third Paragraph:

Encourage the hirer to contact you and to schedule an interview.

Refer the hirer to your enclosed resume.

Express appreciation for the hirer for consideration.

Sincerely,

(Written signature)

Points to remember:

For writing a Strong Cover Letter you need to note few important things. We provide do’s and don’t’s while you write your cover letter

Do’s

• Prior writing a cover letter learn about the organizations goals and mission.
• Address the letter directly to exact hirer or appropriate person. You need to write in a professional, confident, and polite tone
• Use good quality paper
• Check spelling and grammar meticulously
• You must and should confine your cover letter to one page.
• Always use simple font and the same font style you chose for your resume writing
• Convey the recruiter that you’d be a good and best match based on your skills and experience. 
• Remember to close your letter always with an action statement. 

Don’t’s

• Don’t repeat your resume.
• Do not use phrases like “to whom it may concern.” .
• Never use a weak ending like “I look forward to your reply”
• Don’t use the pronoun “I” with every sentence

In this article we will go for Arrhythmia topic as Pharmacology Exam Guide for all the students of M.B.B.S B. Pharmacy M. PhaRMACY PDF. Here you will find Definition of Arrhythmia Treatment and the drugs used for this condition. This is solely for educational purpose.

Definition of Arrhythmia

Arrhythmia is defined as loss of cardiac rhythm, especially irregularity of heartbeat. This chapter covers the group of conditions caused by an abnormality in the rate, regularity, or sequence of cardiac activation.

SUPRAVENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS

Atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia premature atrial complexes, wandering atrial pace- maker, sinus arrhythmia, sinus tachycardia.

Common supraventricular tachycardias requiring drug treatment are atrial.
fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS

Premature Ventricular Complexes

Ventricular Tachycardia

Bradyarrhythmias

Symptoms & Clinical Manefestations of Arrhythimias

Supraventricular tachycardias

Supraventricular tachycardias may cause a variety of clinical manifestations ranging from no symptoms to minor palpitations and/or irregular pulse to severe and even life-threatening symptoms. Patients may experi-
ence dizziness or acute syncopal episodes; symptoms of HF; anginal chest pain; or, more often, a choking or pressure sensation during the tachycardia episode.

Atrial flutter

• AF or atrial flutter may be manifested by the entire range of symptoms associated with other supraventricular tachycardias, but syncope is not a common presenting symptom. An additional complication of AF is arterial embolization resulting from atrial stasis and poorly adherent mural thrombi, which accounts for the most devastating complication: embolic stroke. Patients with AF and concurrent mitral stenosis or severe systolic HF are at particularly high risk for cerebral embolism.

Premature Ventricular Complexes

• PVCs often cause no symptoms or only mild palpitations. The presentation of VT may vary from totally asymptomatic to pulseless hemodynamic collapse. Consequences of proarrhythmia range from no symptoms to worsening of symptoms to sudden death. VF results in hemodynamic collapse, syncope, and cardiac arrest.

Bradyarrhythmias Symptoms

• Patients with bradyarrhythmias experience symptoms associated with hypotension such as dizziness, syncope, fatigue, and confusion. If LV dysfunction exists, symptoms of congestive HF may be exacerbated.

ANTI ARRHYTHMIC DRUGS:

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI ARRHYTHMIC DRUGS:

Group I: Drug which blocks voltage sensitive sodium channels and thus reduces excitability of non-odal region of heart.
a. Class Ia
Class Ia antiarrythmics, in addition to their effect on the voltage-gated sodium channels, slow repolarization by inhibiting potassium efflux. They are quinidine,
hydroquinidine, disopyramide.
b. Class Ib
The drugs of the Ib class, in addition to their effect on the sodium voltage-gated channels, accelerate cellular repolarization by increasing potassium efflux, and decrease the duration of the action potential and the refractory period.

They are lidocaine, phenytoin and mexiletine.
c. Class Ic
Class Ic antiarrythmics inhibit the voltage-dependant sodium channels and prolong the depolarisation phase, have little effect on the repolarization phase. They are flecainide, propafenone and aprindine.
Group II: Drug acting inhibiting of sympathetic nerve (β-Blocker).
Eg: Propranolol, Practolol, Sotolol, Bretlylium, Esmolol etc.
Group III: Potassium Channel Blockers. Drug that prolong action potential and repolarization.
Eg.: Sotololo, Dofetilide
Class IV: Calcium channel blockers. Eg.: verapamil, Nifedipine, Diltiazem etc

Article wants to discuss Pharmaceutical Bio Hazards Bio-safety Risk Assessment Laboratory Risk Management. In recent years the pharmaceutical industry has come to occupy a unique position in regard to problems of industrial hygiene and toxicology; practically no other single commercial enterprise presents such a wide variety of potentially toxic exposures or such a rapidly-changing advent of new chemical substances.  The hazards of extracting active principles from crude drugs are unequally divided between the three classes of materials involved; the herbs themselves, the solvents, and the finished active material. Of the three, the crude materials offer the least striking dangers to health.

Biohazard Definition 

Biohazard[ bahy-oh-haz-erd ] is generally defined as a pathogen, especially one used in or produced by biological research. the health risk posed by the possible release of such a pathogen into the environment.

Pharmaceutical Industrial Hazards

Most hazards encountered fall into three main categories: chemical, biological, or physical. Cleaning agents and disinfectants, drugs, anesthetic gases, solvents, paints, and compressed gases are examples of chemical hazards. Potential exposures to chemical hazards can occur both during use and with poor storage.

Biological hazards include potential exposures to allergens, infectious zoonotics (animal diseases transmissible to humans), and experimental agents such as viral vectors. Allergens, ubiquitous in animal research facilities, are one of the most important health hazards, yet they are frequently overlooked.

Biosafety is also becoming a global concern and requires multilevel resources and international collaboration to monitor, prevent and correct accidents from unintended and malicious release and also to prevent that bioterrorists get their hands-on biologics sample to create biologic weapons of mass destruction. .
Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health. These prevention mechanisms include conduction of regular reviews of the biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many laboratories handling biohazards employ an ongoing risk management assessment and enforcement process for biosafety. Failures to follow such protocols can lead to increased risk of exposure to biohazards or pathogens. Human error and poor technique contribute to unnecessary exposure and compromise the best safeguards set into place for protection.

Risk Assessment ??? Who will do this???? 

—-Safety/Pharmacovigilance team
— Identification of adverse events and evaluation of safety signals
— Safety reports for Health Authorities and Top Management
— Pharmacologists/Toxicologists
— Investigators/Physicians treating patients
— Drug Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB)
— Global interdisciplinary project teams

Risk assessment

Classification of biohazardous materials is subjective and the risk assessment is determined by the individuals most familiar with the specific characteristics of the organism. There are several factors taken into account when assessing an organism and the classification process.

Risk Group 1: (no or low individual and community risk) A microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease.
Risk Group 2 : (moderate individual risk, low community risk) A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers, the community, livestock or the environment. Laboratory exposures may cause serious infection, but effective treatment and preventive measures are available and the risk of spread of infection is limited.
Risk Group 3 : (high individual risk, low community risk) A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available.
Risk Group 4 : (high individual and community risk) A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly or indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measures are not usually available.

It should be apparent from the foregoing that any pharmaceutical industry, large or small, is particularly in need of expert counsel in matters affecting the health of workmen. A thorough knowledge of the literature of known poisons is essential for the industrial specialist in this field, but he must also have an alert readiness to detect and investigate possible new poisons.

Pharmawiki website provides previous year question paper for B Pharmacy M pharmacy students with different subjects of 1st-2nd semester/year and all the four years of your bachelor degree. Doing preparation from the previous year question paper helps you to get good marks in exams. From our 1st-2nd semester/year question paper bank, students can download previous year question papers and study them to get good marks and score a good grade in their examinations. The solutions to these previous year question paper are very easy to understand. Here is PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING Question Paper for 1st year B Pharmacy First Sem Second Semister Exam.

Strategy with Previous Year Question Paper:

Through pharmaceutical Engineering previous year question paper pdf, you can analyze the change of pattern from year to year. So you can be familiar with a variety of questions for a single chapter. This way of practice will make you stronger in each chapter. So that you can solve the questions even if is twisted to various lessons.

By the continuous practice of many question papers, you can get the idea about how to select the questions in a wise manner. For example, if you select a difficult puzzle at the beginning without much practice, you will end up incomplete. Also, the entire time you spent for the puzzle is waste. So these kinds of mistakes can be avoided by effective time management. The art of time management will be attained after practicing more previous year question papers.

This way of practice will gradually increase your speed and accuracy even for the tougher papers. So that your chances of victory will be even more.

With the help of question papers, you can analyze your mistakes easily. The paper will also be in a clear and step-by-step manner. So that you can understand the difficult lessons easily.

Keep visiting this page for more updated question papers and you can find other subjects notes and previous papers from other pages of this pharmawiki website. Do not worry about your examinations write to us in the comment section below. we will be very happy to listen from you and we assure our best to help you.

Biodegradable nanoparticles:

Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Vaccine Delivery and Adjuvant:

Nanotechnology has been applied to improve drug delivery and to develop

Nano-scaled drug delivery devices. Nanoparticles have been developed as an important strategy to deliver low molecular-weight drugs, as well as biomacromolecules such as proteins or DNA. In particular, polymeric nanoparticles with entrapped antigens represent an exciting approach to control the release of vaccine antigens and to optimize the desired immune response via selective targeting of the antigen to antigen-presenting cells.

For the past two decades, the synthesis and clinical applications of Core-corona type polymeric nanoparticles have been studied and they composed of hydrophobic polystyrene and Hydrophilic macromonomers (Fig. 1). These nanoparticles have applications in various Technological and biomedical fields, because their chemical structures and size can be easily controlled.

HIV-1-capturing core-corona type polystyrene nanoparticles exhibited great potential as vaccine delivery systems for the induction of HIV-1 specific immune responses2). Moreover, based on these research, we attempted to develop a new biodegradable nanoparticles composed of hydrophobic poly (γ-glutamic acid) derivatives (γ-hPGA) for protein-based vaccine delivery.

Protein-encapsulated γ-hPGA nanoparticles could enhance the protein delivery to dendritic cells (DCs). These γ-hPGA nanoparticles also had adjuvant activity for DC maturation4). Thus, γ-hPGA nanoparticles have significant potential as an antigen carrier and adjuvant for DCs. Moreover, vaccination with antigen-encapsulated γ-hPGA nanoparticles dramatically enhanced cellular immunity5). This system provides a novel delivery tool and an efficient antigen delivery and adjuvant systems in the development of protein-based vaccines (Fig. 2).

NANO-BEADS:

• Recently, the use of solid inert beads of nanometric size (0.04–0.05 µm) was reported as a very promising strategy to achieve efficient antigen delivery to APC, generating potent and combined humoral and CD8+ T cell immunity.

POLY (LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) MICROPARTICLES:

• Surface charged poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles with surface adsorbed antigen(s) can also be used to deliver antigen into APC.

• These are biocompatible and biodegradable microspheres of nanometer-micrometer size able to incorporate different antigens.

• One of their advantages is the capacity to manipulate the degradation kinetics by varying the relative concentration of their components, thereby controlling the time of antigen release

• PLG microparticles are effective for the induction of cell-mediated immunity.

• Alternative approach involving charged polylactide co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles with surface adsorbed antigen(s) can also be used to deliver antigen into APC.

• The surface adsorbed microparticle formulation offers an alternative and novel way of delivering antigens in a vaccine formulation.

• The preparation of cationic and anionic PLG microparticles which have been used to adsorb a variety of agents, including plasmid DNA, recombinant proteins and immunostimulatory oligonucleotides resulted in the induction of significantly enhanced immune responses in comparison to alum.

Nucleic acid based adjuvants:

• Bacterial DNA shows direct immunostimulatory effects on immune cells in vitro. Thisimmunostimulatory effect is due to the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides.

• CpG motifs are recognized by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) in mammalian cells, inducing the secretion of type-1 interferons and   IL-12 by cells of the innate immune system, promoting a Th1 cellular response and preventing allergic responses. Therefore, CpG-containing DNA-based molecules would be useful for therapeutic applications and also for adjuvanting other types of vaccines.

VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES:

• Virus-like particles are inert, empty capsids of viruses, which contain no DNA/RNA from the virus itself. However they retain the structure of a virus and they can be engineered to have antigens attached.

• Particles with similar size and shape to viruses and obtained by genetic engineering containing antigens from viral or non-viral sources are also regarded as VLPs. VLPs-displayed antigens are efficiently taken up by dendritic cells (DC) and induce potent immune responses after parenteral, mucosal and transcutaneous immunizations.

Mucosal adjuvants:

The most potent mucosal adjuvants have been shown to be the toxins derived from Vibrio cholerae or Escherichia coli, which should not be surprising since these organisms invade the body through the GI tract. Obviously too toxic for human use  because they are the source of cholera or diarrhoea, heat labile enterotoxins have been tested in mice and shown to be potent adjuvants for orally or nasally administered influenza vaccine. The potency of heat-labile enterotoxin mutants may also be enhanced by formulation into bioadhesive particulate delivery systems, and this is an area under current exploration.

The main function of mucosal adjuvants is breaking tolerance and inducing an immune response.

• soluble small immunopotentiating mucosal adjuvants – CpG;Imiquimod and Resiquimod

• soluble protein immunopotentiating mucosal adjuvants – mutants ofheat-labile enterotoxin from E.coli

• Miscellaneous – bioadhesives e.g. chitosans, carbopol

CHITOSANS

Chitin is almost as common in nature as cellulose and is a main structural element of Crustacea, molluscs, and insects. Because it has limited solubility in industrial solvents, it has limited use; but when deacetylated under alkaline conditions it is converted to chitosan. Chitosan has terminal free amino groups distributed along its molecular chain giving it a higher chemical and biochemical reactivity and thereby allowing it to be applied in a number of areas, including cosmetics and drug delivery. While inexpensive and readily available commercially, this material is also claimed to be nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible. One other advantage, less widely recognized, is that it is a mucoadhesive and it also appears to act as an immunoadjuvant which, in the context of vaccine delivery, might provide a considerable advantage. In addition, the adjuvanticity of chitosan can be enhanced by the addition of secondary adjuvants so; overall, this material is seen to be very promising.

Commercially chitosans can have molecular weights varying from 4 to 2000 kDa and vary in the degree of deacetylation from 66% to 95%. Because of the free amino groups chitosan behaves as a weak base, with a pKa of 6.2–7.0 and is insoluble in water or organic solvents. It is a polyamine and therefore dissolves in hydrochloric acid and various organic acids including acetic, oxalic, and lactic acids, thereby forming salts.

Chitosan salts are soluble in water, the solubility depending on the type of acid involved. For example, sebasic, phosphoric, and sulfuric salts are all less soluble and this provides a means of making dispersed insoluble particles of chitosan. In one method the chitosan powder is dissolved in a dilute acetic acid solution and poured into a solution of sodium sulfate, forming a fine dispersion of chitosan microparticles that can be collected and dried.

The stability of unmodified chitosan particles in an aqueous environment may be questionable and some authors have made covalent cross-linked chitosan microparticles by taking advantage of the formation of Schiff bases with the free amino groups using a reactive aldehyde such as glutaraldehyde. These cross-linked particles may be less soluble in water and they are more stable physically but need to be loaded with any drug only after the remaining glutaraldehyde is thoroughly washed out and neutralized with sodium metabisulfite.

Cytokines:

• Cytokines are small proteins that are released in response to immunological stimuli and function in regulating immune activity and homeostasis.

            E.g.  GM-CSF,  IL-12,  IL-2,  IL-4,  IL-15,  1L-7,  interferons,  TNF-α.

• Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances the immune response by activating and recruiting APC.

• However, the practical application of GM-CSF as an adjuvant has been limited by the requirement for multiple doses, toxicity and the immunogenicity of heterologous cytokines.

• On the other hand, the direct application of IL-12 and other cytokines as soluble proteins has proven effective as mucosal adjuvants.