Pharmacy Student Quotes – Proud to be Pharmacist Quotes

July 26, 2020December 24, 2018 by Renee

Pharmacy Student Quotes

Pharmacy student quotes are considered to be one of the finest and trickiest quotes out of all the others. It not only depicts the true nature of the profession but also the real agony, issues, concerned related deep within the core. It simplifies certainly aspect of the trade which does not surface but lives deep within. These are basically double meaning quotes which the student uses to portray their sentiments and bring out their piece of mind at a given juncture of life. There are thousands of pharmacy student quotes that can really have a deep inner meaning yet tricky.

These quotes often led us to few of the most concerning and targeted day to day features in relation to the use of drugs, medicines, hygiene and other aspects of life and the irony of how we accept each and every major aspects in relation to it. It teaches and gives social values and advices which we do not pay attention to but are quite evident. Some of the best pharmacy student quotes can simply convey a deep story within its core and a social message about what would be the right path to go forward.

Using pharmacy student quotes is a very much in fashion today and would certainly increase with the advent of time and demand, but the most important aspect in relation to it lies in its use and the best possible way to put into daily life. Quotes will simply remain as they are until and unless we know how and where to it in a proper way. Sometimes its usage and application can be really challenging and brings out the true and natural value of life on this planet to us. Pharmacy student quotes do have literary importance to us till date.

B Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers

July 26, 2020December 12, 2018 by Renee

B. Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers: During the final year of the B. Pharmacy course, everyone who wants to get into the job sector prepares for the campus interviews or any such external opportunities. They try to find the question pattern those could be asked in the interview. Some questions asked by the interviewers probably can be guessed. Despite your answers to all the technical questions that will hover around your subject specialization always remember that the employer has only four basic questions in an interview. Before going into the interview you must ask these interviewer questions to yourself. Those are “Are you interested in this job?” “Can you do this job?” “Are you motivated to do this job?” and “Can you fit in our organization?” Use this technique in your interview questions and answers, and then you’ll succeed. Now you’ll be able to resolve the important concern behind every interview question and address that concern.

Reputed pharma companies conduct a qualifying exam for selecting candidates for the interview. The qualifying exam tests your basic knowledge regarding the pharmacy subjects. It may include questions for any subject. It does not have a particular pattern; it’s purely the pharma company choice. The job selection process of pharmaceutical companies varies from company to company. Depending upon the company, you may appear for the B Pharmacy interview with or without writing a qualifying exam. Usually, the reputed pharmaceutical companies conduct a qualifying exam before selecting for the interview. This qualifying exam will help them to assure that the job aspirant is having minimum basic knowledge about the subject. As well as it helps to reduce the number of candidates appearing for the interview. Suppose 20 positions are available for the Job. But 300 candidates appeared to the interview location and for them, an exam would be conducted. Among the entire lot, only the top 60 or top 80 graduates will get selected for the personal interview based on the marks. Lastly, the selection choice method relies on 1:3 or 1:4 quantitative relation. Out of 3 or 4 candidates, they offer the job for one candidate!

In this article, we provided some B. Pharmacy interview questionnaire for candidates from the previous sessions and ideas.

B. Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers

Questions & Answers

Question 1.

1. What is the least amount that should be weighed on Class A prescription balances with the following ensitivity requirements (SRs) and maximum errors:
(a) SR 5 mg; error NMT 5%
(b) SR 6 mg; error NMT 5%
(c) SR 7 mg; error NMT 4%

Answer:
(a) 100 mg
(b) 120 mg
(c) 175 mg

2. What are Aerosols?
Aerosols
Pharmaceutical aerosols are products packaged under pressure that contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released as a fine mist, spray, or foam on actuation of the valve assembly.
Some aerosol emissions are intended to be inhaled deep into the lungs (inhalation aerosol),whereas others are intended for topical application to the skin or to mucous membranes. Aerosols
with metered valve assemblies permit a specific quantity of emission for dosage regulation.

#. Tell something about Capsules?
Capsules Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells of gelatin. Capsule shells are produced in varying sizes, shapes, color, and hardness. Hard-shell capsules, which have two telescoping parts, are used in the manufacture of most commercial capsule products and in the extemporaneous filling of prescriptions. They are filled with powder mixtures or granules. Soft-shell gelatin capsules are formed, filled, and sealed in a continuous process by specialized large-scale equipment. They may be filled with powders, semisolids, or liquids. Capsules contain a specific quantity of fill, with the capsule size selected to accommodate that quantity. In addition to their medication content, capsules usually contain inert substances, such as fillers. When swallowed, the gelatin capsule shell is dissolved by gastrointestinal fluids, releasing the contents. Delayed-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to resist the release of the contents until the capsules have passed through the stomach and into the intestines. Extended-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to release the medication from the capsules over an extended period following ingestion.

4. Key points on Diuretics

Capsules Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells of gelatin. Capsule shells are produced in varying sizes, shapes, color, and hardness. Hard-shell capsules, which have two telescoping parts, are used in the manufacture of most commercial capsule products and in the extemporaneous filling of prescriptions. They are filled with powder mixtures or granules. Soft-shell gelatin capsules are formed, filled, and sealed in a continuous process by specialized large-scale equipment. They may be filled with powders, semisolids, or liquids. Capsules contain a specific quantity of fill, with the capsule size selected to accommodate that quantity. In addition to their medication content, capsules usually contain inert substances, such as fillers. When swallowed, the gelatin capsule shell is dissolved by gastrointestinal fluids, releasing the contents. Delayed-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to resist the release of the contents until the capsules have passed through the stomach and into the intestines. Extended-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to release the medication from the capsules over an extended period following ingestion.

5. What is Propranolol?

Propranolol
a. Is a B1 specific blocker
b. Causes prominent postural hypotension
c. Inhibits the stimulation of renin production by catecholamines
d. Has a half life of 12 hours
e. Has no effect on plasma lipids

Understanding Flu- Influenza Causes Definition Treatment Symptoms

July 26, 2020December 10, 2018 by Renee

Understanding Flue- Influenza Causes Definition Treatment Symptoms

Understanding Flue and its Prevention:

What do we call as Flu?

We usually think the common cold and the flu are the same as they share mutual features. This is because both caused by viral infections, have similar symptoms, and usually can be treated at home. They additionally develop bit by bit, with certain symptoms emerging as the infection progresses. But if we notice sharply the differences in the onset, severity, and duration of the typical cold or bout of influenza we can become more cautious. A low-grade fever isn’t out of the question. Most flu symptoms gradually improve over two to five days still one may feel run down for a week or more. A common complication of the flu is the respiratory disorder, particularly in the young, elderly, or people with lung or heart problems. Another common sign of pneumonia is the fever that comes back after having been gone for a day or two.

Do you know the Stages of Cold & Flu?

The common cold starts off with its signs developing slowly. The contagious period for the common cold life-span can be a couple of days before cold symptoms kick in and continue for some days afterwards. The most usual cold symptoms are fatigue, sore or scratchy throat, nasal congestion, stuffiness or a runny nose, followed by sneezing and coughing. Cold symptoms generally appear about one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus but it can differ from person to person. Generally, the cold symptoms will peak around day four and taper off in the seventh day. Over the course of the illness, the mucus discharged by a runny nose may change colour starting out clear and becoming thicker, yellow, or green. The full life cycle of a cold is usually between 7-10 days. If your symptoms persist over the time period or keep returning, then something else may be going on, such as allergies, sinusitis, or a secondary infection.

Flu symptoms typically begin at intervals one to four days when infection. Unlike a standard cold, the effects of an influenza virus infection can appear drastically. The first signs of the flu are often a fever or chills, accompanied by a headache, sore throat, dry cough, runny nose, muscle aches, and fatigue. As the sickness progresses, a person may have warm, flushed skin, watery or bloodshot eyes, a severe cough that produces phlegm, and nasal congestion. Among children, nausea and vomiting may also occur. The flu usually lasts 1 to 2 weeks, with severe symptoms subsiding in two to three days. However, weakness, fatigue, dry cough, and a reduced ability to exercise will linger for 3 to 7 days.

Is the Flu Contagious?

A survey stated that 41% of people think the flu is only contagious after symptoms start. That’s not true. Adults with a fever of 102F or higher and children with a fever of 103F or higher should see a doctor. If you notice shortness of breath, let your doctor recognize.

An adult infected with influenza may be contagious from one day before symptoms start until 5-7 days after becoming sick. Children could still be contagious extending than seven days.

For individuals who’ve had a grippe shot, the symptoms last a shorter amount of time or are less severe. Even if the symptoms disappear, you may continue to feel fatigued. Staying home until your contagious period ends help you avoid passing germs on to other people.

When complications develop, a person will likely be sick for longer than 15 days, depending on the severity of the complication, how quickly they are aided, and how well they respond to treatment. Even in healthy people who don’t develop complications, the flu can cause symptoms that persist for weeks, including fatigue, low appetite and dry cough associated with loss of sense of smell.

Symptoms of FLU:

Signs of severe complications that ought to prompt you to hunt medical attention include the following:

Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
Purple or blue discolouration of the lips
Pain or heavy chest and abdomen
High fever
Sudden dizziness
Confusion
Severe or persistent vomiting
Seizures
Worse cough

Some people are at magnified risk for complications from contagion such as

the very young
people 65 or older
obese people crossing body mass index (BMI) of 40
chronic illness patients of asthma, heart disease, HIV, or diabetes
pregnant women

People in these groups are prone to have weak defense systems and are vulnerable to the complication of pneumonia, which can be deadly.

How Long Does Immunity Last?

A study printed in March 2017 within the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases confirmed that immunity declines over the months following vaccination or infection. Unlike other viral diseases, with the flu, however, you are not immune for life and the immunity doesn’t last that long. Getting injected regularly is vital to lower your chance of getting affected. It takes some time to develop immunity to the flu, and experts recommend getting vaccinated before flu season is in full swing to ensure adequate protection. The flu—or contagion—is an extremely contagious metastasis virus caused by one in all 3 completely different virus types: influenza A, B, or C. It spreads instantly through the spit droplets that become mobile once somebody sneezes or coughs, by exposure to saliva passed by routine contacts, such as kissing or sharing eating utensils.

Prevention &Treating Flu

Fever is an important sign for any kind of flu. Catherine Troisi, PhD, an associate professor in the community health and epidemiology at the University Of Texas School Of Public Health in Houston says, “It’s really basic public health practices.” Moreover, we ought to keep home if we are sick, get enough sleep, and eat well.

Pain relievers lower your fever and relieve the aches, but if you are at high risk of complications, and if it is early in the infection, your doctor may recommend an antiviral drug like oseltamivir or zanamivir. Postnasal drip, in which mucus accumulates or drips in the back of the throat, can further aggravate a sore throat or a cough.

Basic Practices

Get an annual flu vaccine course.
Before eating or touching your face wash your hands with soap and water.
Regular smokers are more likely to get the flu than non-smokers. Quit smoking.

Cognizant Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions – TCS CTS

July 26, 2020November 29, 2018 by Renee

INTERVIEW Questions FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE IN CONGNIZANT TCS

Here in this article we provide you Cognizant Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions along with TCS CTS walk in for M.Pharmacy and B pharmacy Freshers. Generally the Pharmacovigilance in TCS & CTS will be conducted in the same office around 10:00 AM to 2.30 PM.

INTERVIEW PROCESS FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE IN CONGNIZANT

Its really good to know where about of anything you do prior. When you decide to go for an interview it is really good to know the pattern of the interview along with its process. Pharmacovigilance is the trending topic these days. I will let you know here expected rounds of interview.

1) Communication –2 min oral talking on your own topic or Group Discussion
2) Aptitude
3) Narrative writing (may be a case study related to clinical trial)
4) HR Round

These days group discussion is very important part of the interview. This is the deciding factor whether you go forward. You have to talk properly with a ear on others speech. Be alert and talk accordingly.

Aptitude is the most important task you need to practice before. Not only for this position for every job you have to give this task successfully

INTERVIEW Questions FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE IN CONGNIZANT

Now we discuss Competency Areas for Pharmacovigilance Professionals. If you want to be a pharmacovigilance Professionals you have know all these things.

Information management skills
# Knowledge of relevant Pharmacovigilance information sources including: printed publications, unpublished sources, databases, websites, social media sites, market research, patients and healthcare professionals, investigator sponsored research and external bodies.
# Effective understanding and use of the principles of information capture, storage, searching and retrieval.
# Effective use of appropriate IT systems and programs.

Scientific knowledge
# Ability to understand in detail clinical, biomedical and scientific reports about pharmaceutical products at a level to allow appropriate capture, review and processing of safety data.

Analytical skills
# Ability to analyse and appraise safety data as part of the ongoing benefit-risk assessment of the company’s products.
# Ability to make informed decisions after finding the relevant facts.

Communication skills
# Ability to communicate information effectively and clearly in written form to allow sharing of safety data within the company and to regulatory bodies as required.

Understanding the wider context
# Knowledge of the business and of the pharmaceutical industry.
# Understanding of the external environment: the NHS, Government policy, regulatory requirements.

Understanding of relevant legal and related issues
# European and Global PV Regulations
# Medicines Act and Statutory Instruments.
# Data Protection legislation.
# Copyright.

Ethics
# Understanding of, and compliance with, company policies, legal requirements, the European
# Good Vigilance Practice Modules, ABPI Pharmacovigilance Expert Network guidance and other industry guidelines that are relevant to pharmacovigilance.
# Application of sound professional judgement to ethical issues.

Workload Management
# Ability to prioritise, plan and organise work with the appropriate sense of urgency based on regulatory requirements and business needs.

Personal skills
# Team management and leadership skills (for team leaders and managers).
# Strategic planning (especially for managers).
# Interpersonal skills.
# Understanding of the needs and priorities of regulatory bodies.
# Use of effective questioning to accurately record safety data.
# Ability to actively listen.
# Teamwork.
# Courteous manner and consideration of others’ views.

Proactivity
# Informing management of important issues as they arise which require their attention.
# Ensuring all company employees and contractors are appropriately trained to capture safety data.
# Actively increasing awareness of Pharmacovigilance requirements to colleagues and third parties in appropriate ways.

Accountability
# Compliance with regulatory requirements.
# Compliance with standard operating procedures and company policies.
# Continuous development
# Developing and improving knowledge and skills.
# Keeping abreast of developments in regulatory requirements.
# Developing the role in line with regulatory requirements and the company’s needs.
# Identifying and implementing improvements in ways of working – for self and for team/department.

PRECLINICAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND PHARMACOVIGILANCE 7.5 C

The past decade has seen a rise in the numbers of people working in the field of drug safety and pharmacovigilance. This trend is likely to continue and reflects a greater focus on the safety of medicines. This introductory course in Preclinical Safety Assessment and Pharmacovigilance is organized by the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences at Uppsala University in collaboration with the Uppsala Monitoring Centre at The World Health Organization.

This is a half-time web-based course during 10 weeks. This corresponds to 20 hours work per week and requires a commitment to engage in all assignments.
This web-based course encompasses safety aspects in all phases of drug development and drug use. We will discuss the safety of drug candidates and new pharmaceuticals based on toxicity studies as well as on clinical trials. We will also review risk / benefit assessment of drugs and the safe use of medicines. There is no need to physically attend the university for any sessions or examination and the language of instruction is English. A web-based teaching platform (the Student Portal) will be used. The course includes video lectures, five mandatory individual assignments, three mandatory group assignments and a final web-based examination.
The course is given twice a year, in the beginning of each semester. Apply online. The April admission round starts in the middle of March and ends 15 April. The October admission round starts in the middle of September and ends 15 October. The next course starts 1 September and finishes 9 November, 2014. For more detailed information about the course click here.

INTERVIEW FOR PHARAMACOVIGILANCE IN CONGNIZANT Quintiles TCS

ROUND 1: HR will ask you to speak something about yourself and he will analyze your accent and style of English .
TIP TO FACE THIS ROUND: before attending prepare SD very well without getting struck and with good accent .
ROUND 2: mostly they won’t conduct group discussion but sometimes they may conduct .it’s also bit easy just you need to open mouth and should speak something relavent to topic with good accent
ROUND 3: In this round you need to write online English ,logical Aptitude test time will be 45 mins for each set (Exam will be in the micromax Tabs)
TIP TO FACE THIS ROUND: ENGLISH APTITUDE :Prepare English Grammar ,question will be like jumbling words, passages, prepositions, vocabulary etc..(45mins)
NUMERICAL APTITUDE: coding and decoding its very simple search and find in the google how to prepare coding and decoding , small logical calculations, family relations questions etc..
ROUND 4: (HR AND TECHNICAL) ;Need to perform with good accent in English with confidant in HR round they won’t ask any technical questions ,if you have any experience they will ask about your previous work experience and company.
TECHINICAL: they don’t ask much from our core pharmacy you need to prepare pharmacovigilance topics and basic pharmacology.
NOTE: main matter to get pharmacovigilnce job in congnizant (voice process) is you have to perform with good English accent .

Hope this article provided you the information you need regarding the Cognizant Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions along with TCS CTS walk in for M.Pharmacy and B pharmacy Freshers. Generally the Pharmacovigilance in TCS & CTS will conduct interviews on a regular basis, so you need to be cautious and attentive to their announcements.

Pharmacovigilance Applying, Interview process & Tips How to Prepare

July 26, 2020November 20, 2018 by Renee

Pharmacovigilance Applying, Interview process & Tips How to preparation

As you are looking to apply Pharmacovigilance department we are here to help you Pharmacovigilance Applying, Interview process & Tips to prepare the Pharmacovigilance Interview. Many Multinational companies like Quintiles Accenture CTS cognizant are hiring candidates in bulk for Pharmacovigilance posts. If you are fresher and trying to enter to this Pharmacovigilance thing you are at the rite place.

Pharmacovigilance applying,interview process and tips to preparation:

Know About the Pharmacovigilance companies :

Quintlies CTS Accenture

About companay : Quintiles is the worlds largest Contract Research Organizaiton(CRO) where it mainly focuses on clinical trials phase 2-4.

Apply for Pharmacovigilance Interview & Exam

You have to apply through the officaial websites. Some times few people who work can post on some facebook groups about their companies recruitment. You can follow them. Never give any one bucks to get you to the interview or to crack the job.

Attend the Pharmacovigilance Screening test & Interview

Written test:

English

Aptitude

Maths

Logical and reasoning

Pharmacovigilance Interview

Pharmacovigilance Interview Phase 1

After the written test they will evaluate your papers in one or two hour. If you are qualified in the written test you will be having hr round where we can expect common hr questions like
1)tell me about yourself
2)why should i hire you?
3)why you want to join in our company?
4)what you know about our company?
Be confident while answering and prepare for these questions and practice before interview if this is your first interview. 90%they will send you for the next Technical round.

Pharmacovigilance Interview Phase 2

This is purely Technical. This is the last round where you will have more chances to eliminate but through proper preparation its easy to face.
mostly questions they ask:
1)Adverse events
2)Adverse effects
3)what is pharmacovigilance
4)what is the work we do in pharmacogivilance
5) is it important pharmacovigialnce
6)drug regulatory authorities
7)pharmacovigilance terminology,case studies.
8)some important drugs pharmacological and mechanism of action.

ALL THE BEST for your Pharmacovigilance Career and Interview. We are here to help out. Please comment if you have any doubts. Keep visiting us for more Pharmacovigilance Interview Question and answers articles. Help your friends by referring our site to crack pharma sucess.

Lupus: Is it a Threat to Women? – Lupus Symptoms Treatment Causes

July 26, 2020November 13, 2018 by Renee

Lupus: Is it a Threat to Women?

What is Lupus?

Lupus is a serious disease often diagnosed in young women, between the ages of 15 and 44. But it is undeniable that it can affect anyone. A chronic autoimmune disease that can destroy any part of the body (skin, joints, and/or organs) is lupus. Any “Chronic” disease refers to the stages pertaining to symptoms that tend to last longer than six weeks or for many years. In lupus, there is a breakdown in the immune system, which is the part of the body that fights off viruses, bacteria, and germs (“foreign invaders,”). Our immune system is programmed to produce proteins called “antibodies” which protect the body from these invaders. When lupus controls the body, your immune system cannot recognize the distinction between these foreign invaders and your body’s healthy tissues.

So an autoimmunity forms creating auto-antibodies that damage and destroy healthy tissue (autoantibody means against self). As a result, these auto-antibodies cause inflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body.

Lupus Symptoms Treatment Causes

Around 16,000 numbers of new cases of lupus are reported annually across the country of US. The most common form of lupus is termed as Systemic lupus erythematosus which the most people mean when they say “lupus”. There are four different types of lupus that arises in confusing form. Let us learn more about each type below:

Lupus nephritis is the inflammation of the kidneys affecting the body’s ability to filter waste from the blood. It can be so threatening that dialysis or kidney transplant may be needed.
Inflammation of the nervous system and brain causes memory problems, confusion, headaches, and strokes.
Inflammation in the brain’s blood vessels can cause high fevers, seizures, and behavioural changes.
When there is the build-up of deposits on coronary artery walls hardening the arteries or coronary artery disease leads to a heart attack.

Symptoms Lupus

Fatigue– Lupus is identified with fatigue as one of their primary symptoms in 50-90% cases. The severe fatigue of lupus seems is caused by many factors including disease activity, anxiety disorders, sleep disturbances, vitamin D deficiency, and low levels of exercise. It’s clear from studies that fatigue can significantly impact patients’ quality of life, including lessening the ability to function at home and at work.

Malar Rash– 50% of people with lupus characterise with red “malar” rash or colour change that appear across the cheeks and bridge of the nose in the shape of a butterfly. They normally last from days to weeks with pain and itchiness. The area of face and ears, upper arms, shoulders, chest, & hands are vulnerable to rash while exposed to the sun. Sometimes, skin rashes often first develop or worsen after being out in the sun as lupus is sensitive to sunlight (called photosensitivity). The Appearance of the butterfly rash is also a sign of an oncoming disease flare.

Joint Pain and Swelling– 90% of people with lupus have arthritis which is defined as inflammation or swelling of the joint lining. The most common symptoms of arthritis are stiffness and aching occurring in the hands and wrists. Symptoms of arthritis fluctuate from one joint to another. In the morning pain and stiffness tend to be worse. Patients also experience pain in the joints without swelling or tenderness, which is referred to as arthralgia.

Fever– Most patients of SLE go through unexplained fevers of temperature over 100°F (37.8°C). Physicians often recommend non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Diagnosis and Treatment

The cause of Lupus is unknown in which your immune system attacks healthy cells by mistake that can potentially damage many parts of the body. The disease symptoms mimic many other illnesses which are why it is known as “the great imitator”. Detecting the symptoms of lupus can be challenging as it may be unclear, or change over the course of the disease. Though effective treatments are available yet there is no known cure for lupus.

A doctor who is considering the possibility of lupus will look for signs of inflammation which include, pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function at a particular place in the body. He will review the following while evaluating a lupus diagnosis:

Current symptoms.
Laboratory test results.
Your Medical history along with the history of your close family members (grandparents, parents, brothers and sisters, aunts, uncles, cousins).

Laboratory tests alone are not enough to say definite “yes” or “no” diagnosis because:

Test results diagnosing lupus can coincide because of some other illness or can even be seen in healthy people.
A test result may fluctuate time to time (be positive one time and negative another time.)
Different laboratories may produce different test results.

There is no specific test or a single diagnostic test for systemic lupus. The test commonly widespread is called the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. In fact, several laboratory tests are done to detect physical changes or conditions in your body that can occur with lupus. However, each test result adds more information to the picture your doctor is forming of your illness. Your physician may reach a lupus diagnosis if multiple diagnostic criteria are present simultaneously. If the symptoms are present gradually over time, the diagnosis will not be as obvious; however, further consultation with a rheumatologist may be needed.

Some key facts about lupus:

Lupus is non-contagious, not even through sexual contact.
Lupus is not malignant or related to cancer. As it is an autoimmune disease, some treatments for lupus may include immunosuppressant drugs that are also used in chemotherapy.
Lupus is not similar or related to HIV (Human Immune Deficiency Virus) or AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Both of these make the immune system underactive whereas, in lupus, the immune system is overactive.
Lupus can range from mild to life-threatening and doesn’t recover on its own without any treatment. With proper medical attention, lupus patients can lead disease-free life.
It is believed that 5 million people throughout the world have a form of lupus with at least 1.5 million Americans.
Lupus strikes mostly women of childbearing age. However, men, children, and young people develop lupus, too.
Women of colour are 2-3 times more likely to develop lupus than Caucasians. People belonging to all races and ethnic groups can develop lupus.

B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR BOOKS LIST – SUBJECT NOTES BOOKS PDF

July 26, 2020November 4, 2018 by Renee

Hello readers today we are providing the list of books that are needed for the Pharmacy second year students. Are you just tried in search of finding the Second year Pharmacy books then you are up to the right place. We will provide you the correct information here and you can know all the information that you want about the books for 2nd year of pharmacy I mean 3rd and 4th semester of B pharmacy here. In the second year course of the Pharmacy students, there are two semesters. A semester is a 6 months course and the year is divided into two semesters. Students will have the books and syllabus to be followed for a particular semester in the year.

Do you know What are the subjects of B.Pharma third semester? B.pharmacy third semester subjects are Pharamaceutics, Pharamaceutical inorganic chemistry,physics.computer programming mathematics and graphics,mathematics and statistics then your having four lab

Pharmaceutics Second year books list

The Science And Practice Of Pharmacy
Remington

1 Theory & Practice Of
Industrial Pharmacy
L. Lachman,
Herbert
A.Lieberman & J.
Kanig
3rd, 1987 Lea & Febiger,
Philadelphia
2 Pharmaceutical Dosage
Form: Dispersed Systems
(Vol.1 &2 )
Herbert A.
Lieberman, Martin
A.Rieger,G.S.Bank
er
2nd, 1993 Marcel Dekker Inc.
3 Modern Pharmaceutics Gilbert S.Banker,
C.T. Rhodes
2nd, 1990 Marcel Dekker Inc.
4 Cooper & Gunn’s
Dispensing For
Pharmaceutical Students
Revised By
S.J.Carter
12th, 1987 Cbs Publishers &
Distributers
5 Pharmaceutics: The
Science Of Dosage Form
Design
Michael E.Aulton 2nd , 1998 Churchill-Livingstone

Preperative Pharmacy

Second year b-Pharm Organic chemistry Text boks

Adv.Org. Chemistry
Carey 4th Edition,
2000
Plenum Press NY
2 Organic Chemistry
Morrison, R. T 6 th Edition,
2006
Pearson Education
3 Organic Chemistry
Finar 6 th Edition,
1973
Longman Group Ltd
4 Organic Reaction
Mechanism
M. Gomer
Gallego
2004 Springer Privt. Ltd.
5 Organometalics Elschenbroich 3 rd , 2005 Willey-VCH Verlag & Co.
6 Lehninger:
Principles of
Biochemistry.
David Nelson,
Michael Cox
4th Edition,
2005
W. H. Freeman and Company, New
Y

Hospital and community pharmacy

-Organic chemistry

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY Anu Chaudhary

Pathophysiology Reference Text Books for B Pharmacy Second Year Students

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHO PHYSIOLOGY -I Dvivedi & Dvivedi
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics Goodman and Gilman,

Textbook Of Medical Laboratory Technology
Praful B. Godkar 2nd 2006 Bhalani Publishing House,
Mumbai
A Textbook Of Practical Physiology
V.G. Ranade,
P.N. Joshi And
Shalini Pradhan
3rd 1982 P.V.G. Prakashan, P

Analytical pharmacognosy.

PHARMACOGNOSY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Pharmacognosy
Khandelwal

B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR SUBJECT STUDY BOOKS: B. Pharmacy is a course of 4 years so every year you will have to study different subjects of Pharmacy along with the experiments in laboratories. Therefore, one has to get through all the 8 semesters to become a B. Pharm graduate. It will include subjects from multiple disciplines of study and will make you a technically sound and qualified person in the field of Life Sciences. Though the syllabus is quite lengthy but studying Pharmacy is not a big deal if one has the interest and patience to cover the course. Rather one should focus on to get career opportunities ahead or higher studies after the course completion. The B. Pharmacy students those have passed the first year of the course are eligible to study the second year and for that, they would need the subject books and notes. Also, the lateral entry candidates are absorbed from second year itself. The Second year of B. Pharmacy curriculum consists of two semesters each of roughly six months. The third semester contains 4 subjects of theory and practical papers while the fourth semester contains 5 subjects of theory with 4 practical papers according to the Pharmacy Council of India. The professors of the institutes help the students with their handmade notes but without proper books and other materials, it is impossible to complete the course successfully. Sometimes the books are available at the college library still if anyone wants to collect books externally they can buy or download the e-version of the books to fulfill their requirement. If you are seeking help for the reference books for the second year of B. Pharmacy then this is the place where you can get a complete list of the books that you can refer for your studies. Moreover, the students who are sincere enough they automatically collect the study materials to score well in these 4 years tenure. Prepare well yourself right from the first and aim high!
Here we have compiled the list of subject books of B. Pharmacy second year with their author names that are available in hard copies.

B. PHARMACY SECOND YEAR SUBJECT STUDY BOOKS

SEMESTER-III SUBJECT BOOKS

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTCRY

Recommended Books:
1. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
2. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume I
3. Textbook of Organic Chemistry by B.S. Bahl & Arun Bahl.
4. Organic Chemistry by P.L.Soni
5. Practical Organic Chemistry by Mann and Saunders.
6. Vogel’s text book of Practical Organic Chemistry
7. Advanced Practical organic chemistry by N.K.Vishnoi.
8. Introduction to Organic Laboratory techniques by Pavia, Lampman and Kriz.
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-I
Recommended Books:
1. Physical pharmacy by Alfred Martin
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea &Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Tablets, Volume-1 to 3, MarcelDekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms, Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C and Manavalan R.
8. Laboratory manual of Physical Pharmaceutics, C.V.S. Subramanyam, J. Thimmasettee

PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to chemical engineering –Walter L Badger & Julius Banchero, Latest edition.
2. Solid phase extraction, Principles, techniques and applications by Nigel J.K. Simpson -Latest edition.
3. Unit operation of chemical engineering –Mcabe Smith, Latest edition.
4. Pharmaceutical engineering principles and practices –C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
5. Remington practice of pharmacy- Martin, Latest edition.
6. Theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachmann., Latest edition.
7. Physical pharmaceutics-C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
8. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial pharmacy, S.J. Carter, Latest edition.

PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to chemical engineering –Walter L Badger & Julius Banchero, Latest edition.
2. Solid phase extraction, Principles, techniques and applications by Nigel J.K. Simpson- Latest edition.
3. Unit operation of chemical engineering –Mcabe Smith, Latest edition.
4. Pharmaceutical engineering principles and practices –C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
5. Remington practice of pharmacy- Martin, Latest edition.
6. Theory and practice of industrial pharmacy by Lachmann., Latest edition.
7. Physical pharmaceutics- C.V.S Subrahmanyam et al., Latest edition.
8. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial pharmacy, S.J. Carter, Latest edition.

SEMESTER-IV SUBJECT BOOKS

PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY –III

Recommended Books:
1. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Volume-I & II.
2. A text book of Organic Chemistry –Arun Bahl, B.S. Bahl.
3. Heterocyclic Chemistry by Raj K. Bansal
4. Organic Chemistry by Morrison and Boyd
5. Heterocyclic Chemistry by T.L. Gilchrist

MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY –I

Recommended Books:
1. Wilson and Giswold’s Organic medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
2. Foye’s Principles of Medicinal Chemistry.
3. Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Vol I to IV.
4. Introduction to principles of drug design- Smith and Williams.
5. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
6. Martindale’s extra pharmacopoeia.
7. Organic Chemistry by I.L. Finar, Vol. II.
8. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Synthesis by Lednicer, Vol. 1-5.
9. Indian Pharmacopoeia
10. Text book of practical organic chemistry -A.I.Vogel

PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS-II

Recommended Books:
1. Physical Pharmacy by Alfred Martin, Sixth edition
2. Experimental pharmaceutics by Eugene, Parott.
3. Tutorial pharmacy by Cooper and Gunn.
4. Stocklosam J. Pharmaceutical calculations, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
5. Liberman H.A, Lachman C., Pharmaceutical Dosage forms, Tablets, Volume
-1 to 3, Marcel Dekkar Inc.
6. Liberman H.A, Lachman C, Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Disperse systems, volume 1, 2, 3. Marcel Dekkar Inc.
7. Physical Pharmaceutics by Ramasamy C and Manavalan R.

PHARMACOLOGY-I

Recommended Books PHARMACOLOGY-I Pharm B second Year

:
1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
2. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
3. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
4. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A.
K., Bradley R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
5. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews- Pharmacology
6. K.D.Tripath, Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
8. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert,
9. Ghosh MN, Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.
10. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan,

PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY- I

Recommended Books PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY- I

:
1. W.C.Evans, Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edition, W.B. Sounders & Co., London, 2009.
2. Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R. and Robbers, J.E., Pharmacognosy, 9th Edn., Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
3. Text Book of Pharmacognosy by T.E. Wallis
4. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New Delhi.
5. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali Prakashan, New Delhi.
6. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New
Delhi.
7. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr.SH.Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New
Delhi, 2007
8. Practical Pharmacognosy: C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae
9. Anatomy of Crude Drugs by M.A. Iyengar

Pharmaceutical Chemistry B Pharmacy Second Year Notes || D Pharmacy Material PDF

July 26, 2020November 2, 2018 by Renee

What are Local anaesthetics?
Local anaesthetics – Local anesthetics are drugs which produce insensitivity in a limited area around the site of application or injection of the drug by preventing generation and conduction of impulses along nerve fibers and nerve ending and the effects are reversible.
What are Anthelmintics
Anthelmintics – The drugs which are used to kill or remove the parasitic worms, the term anthelmintic should not be restricted just to drugs acting locally to expel worms from the g.i.t. Various types of worms are able to penetrate tissues, & the drugs used to act against systemic infections should be included also under the general term anthelmintic.
What are anticoagulants?
Anticoagulants – An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting & anticoagulants are given to people to stop thrombosis (blood clotting inappropriately in the blood vessels).

What are Diagnostic agents?
Diagnostic agents – These are the agents or chemicals used to detect abnormalities in tissues & organs or to test an organ function, these are thus useful for the clinical diagnosis of the diseases & these agents do not usually have any medicinal values or pharmacological effect.

What are sympathomimetics?

Sympathomimetics – Drugs that mimic the actions obtained as a result of stimulation of the sympathetic or adrenergic nerves are called Sympathomimetics.

The drugs that produce pharmacological effects like adrenaline or nor adrenaline or drugs which bring about stimulation of adrenergic nerves are called Sympathomimetics.

Diuretics – Drugs which promote excretion of water & electrolytes from body through kidneys in the form of urine are called diuretics.

Define antimalarials, Classify them with suitable examples and give the structure of

Pyrimethamine.

Anti-malarial drugs: – The drugs which are used in the treatment of malaria caused due

definition

to Plasmodium Species like Plasmodium Vivax, P. falcifrum, P.malariae, P. ovale are called as Anti-malarial drugs.

Classification:

Quinine salts e.g. Quinine sulphate, Quinine phosphate, Quinine dihydrochloride.

8-Aminoquinolines e.g. Pentaquine, Isopentaquine, Pamaquine, Primaquine.

4-Aminoquinolines e.g. Chloroquine , Amodiaquine.

9-Aminoacridines e.g. Quinacrine, Mepacrine.

Biguanides e.g. Proguanil, Cycloguanil

e.g. pyrimethamine.

Artemisinin & its derivatives.

Miscellaneous: – They are further classified as mentioned below

Sulfones & sulfonamides.

Antibiotics

Write physiological actions of histamine. Classify antihistaminics with examples.

Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.

Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues.

marks classification

1mark str.

marks physiological actions,

marks classification

Physiological actions of histamine on various organs:

Blood vessels: Histamine causes dilation of blood vessels

Smooth muscle: It causes contraction of smooth muscle (Contraction of bronchi)

Excretory glands: Histamine has stimulant action on excretory glands. It increases nasal, lachrymal and bronchial secretion.

Acid secretion: Histamine increases acid secretion in stomach which causes peptic ulcer

Oedema: Excess secretion of histamine causes accumulation
of fluid and water in the body.

Allergy: It plays an important role in human allergy and allergic reactions.

Classification of antihistaminics:

H1 blockers or H1 antagonist:

Aminoalkylethers/Ethanolamines e.g. Diphenhydramine, Doxylamine

Ethylenediamine e.g.Mepyramine, Tripelennamine, Pyrilamine

Alkylamines/Propylamines e.g. Pheniramine, Chlorpheniramine, Triprolidine d)Phenothiazine derivatives e.g. Promethazine, Trimeprazine

Piperazine derivatives. e.g Meclizine, Cyclizine, Chlorcyclizine

Dibenzocycloheptenes: Cyproheptadine, Azatadine

Second generation antihistaminics: e.g. Cetrizine, Levocetrizine, Fexofenadine, Terfenadine

H2 Blockers or H2 receptor antagonist e.g. Ranitidine, Cimetidine, Famotidine
An inhibitor of histamine release e.g.Sodium Cromoglycate

Define vitamins. Write the important uses of vit. A, Nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid. 1 mark each.

Vitamins may be defined as potent organic substances which are essential for normal growth and maintenance of life of human and animals, which are not able to synthesize in adequate quantity.

Uses of Niacin or Nicotinic acid-

It is used for preventing vitamin B3 deficiency and related conditions such as pellagra.

Biochemically active form of Nicotinic acid is NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and its phosphate (NADP). These two coenzymes are required in protein and amino acid metabolism and electron transfer reaction in respiratory chain.
It causes peripheral vasodilation

Large dose of nicotinic acid decreases serum cholesterol level.

Uses of Vitamin A-

It is used for treating vitamin A deficiency.

Prevention and treatment of Night blindness, Xerophthalmia and keratomalacia.

A is important for growth, development and maintenance of immune system.

Some people use vitamin A for improving vision and treating eye disorders including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma and

Vitamin A is also used for skin conditions including acne, eczema, psoriasis, cold sores, wounds, burns, sunburn.

Uses of Ascorbic acid-

In general this drug is used for the prevention and treatment of scurvy. This condition is caused by a lack of vitamin C often due to a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables. Symptoms of scurvy include a general feeling of being unwell, tiredness, muscle and joint pain, bleeding into the skin, around bones, into joints and from the gums, and loose teeth.
Ascorbic acid is involved in many redox reactions

(ii) Pethidine

Uses of Pethidine-

Analgesic activity: It is used in the treatment of severe pain like labor pain.

Spasmolytic agent: Pethidine is useful in the treatment of spasm of intestine, urinary bladder

Used as a substitute for morphine for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pains.

Used in combination with chlorpromazine & promethazine to produce narcosis.

It also produces mild euphoria.

Give storage conditions for

Heparin

The aqueous solution is stable for at least 7 years at pH 7 to 8.

It is stored in sealed, sterile container so as to exclude microorganism and moisture.

Cyclopropane

It is stored in metal cylinder designed to hold compressed gases and kept in a cool room free from inflammable material.

The whole cylinder is painted orange. The shoulder should be stenciled with name or symbol “C3H6”. The name or symbol should be clearly stamped on the cylinder valve.

d) Write the difference between general anaesthetics and local anaesthetics. Give the

structure and chemical name of procaine.

2 marks for

Structure of procaine

differences

H2N C O C2H5

C2H5

Chemical name – 4-amino-(2-diethyl amino ethyl) benzoate or 2-(Diethyl amino)

ethyl-4-amino benzoate.

Distinguish between general anaesthetics and local anaesthetics

GENERAL ANAESTHETICS LOCAL ANAESTHETICS

1. General anaesthetics are the agents which It may be defined as any substance
bring about loss of all modalities of sensation, applied topically or by localized
particularly pain, along with a reversible loss
injection or infiltration to dull or block
of consciousness.

. pain sensation.

2. General anesthesia is induced either by Local anesthesia is induced by topical
inhalation of volatile & gaseous anesthetics application of drugs to skin or mucous
like diethyl ether, halothane or parenteral membrane (surface anesthesia) or by
administration of intravenous anesthetics injection into area subjected to surgical
like thiopentone sodium. operation (infiltration anaesthesia) or

injection into dual membrane of spinal

cord (spinal anesthesia)

3. General anaesthesia is produced before Local Anaesthesia is produced in short
carrying out surgical operation or in surgical procedures & in dentistry.
obstetrics.

4.Care of Vital organs essential Care of Vital organs is not essential

E.g. halothane ,cycloprapane etc. E.g. procaine, lignocaine, benzocaine

Define and classify antihypertensive drugs.

Any agent used for reducing elevated blood pressure is known as antihypertensive agent or hypotensive agent.

Antihypertensive agents can be classified as follows below:-

Centrally acting agents: e.g. α-methyldopa, clonidine

Ganglion blockers : e.g. Pentolinium, Mecamylamine

Adrenergic neuron blockers e.g. Reserpine, Guanethidine

β-adrenergic blockers e.g. Propranalol, Atenolol

α-adrenergic blockers e.g. Prazosin, Tolazoline

Direct-acting vasodilators e.g. Hydralazine, Minoxidil

Calcium channel blockers eg. Verapamil

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) e.g.Captopril, enalapril maleate.

mark definition

marks classification

3. Attempt any THREE of the following:

Write the general uses of diuretics. Give the structure and brand names of frusemide.

General uses of Diuretics:-

Diuretics are used to treat several conditions in medicine. Following are the conditions where diuretics are used

Hypertension or high blood pressure, Acute left ventricular failure or heart failure

Most types of oedema (renal oedema, oedema of pregnancy) or fluid accumulation

Acute renal failure and treatment of kidney stones

To excrete toxins and toxic metabolites out of the body.

To decreases intraocular pressure in glaucoma.

Treatment of hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia

Frusemide: Lasix, Fru, Frusenex, Tebemid etc.

Structure of frusemide:-

Define and classify NSAIDs.

NSAIDs is an abbreviation for a group of agents called Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs.

A. Nonselective COX inhibitors (conventional NSAIDs)

Salicylates: Aspirin, Diflunisal

Para Amino Phenol Derivatives- Phenacetin, Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

Pyrazolone derivatives: Phenylbutazone, Oxyphenbutazone

Indole derivatives: Indomethacin, Sulindac

Propionic acid derivatives: Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen

Anthranilic acid derivatives: Mephenamic acid
Aryl‐acetic acid derivatives: Diclofenac.

Oxicam derivatives: Piroxicam
Pyrrolo‐pyrrole derivative: Ketorolac
Preferential COX‐2 inhibitors: Nimesulide, Meloxicam, Nabumetone

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors: Celecoxib, Rofecoxib, Valdecoxib

Write any one important use of Indigo carmine, Evans blue, Fluorescein Sodium and Congo red.

Uses of Indigo carmine

It is administered intravenously to test renal function (by estimating the rate of excretion in urine) & to locate the uretheral orifices.

In the lab it is used as coloring agents.

Uses of Evans blue

Evans Blue is a di-azo compound used to determine blood volume in humans and animals.

The dye combines firmly with plasma albumin when injected into the blood stream and leaves the circulation very slowly.

Marks classification

1 Mark each

Page 17 of 32

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonoalium, Placidox, Anaxol, Quietal, Diazewok, Zepose, Microdep

What is epilepsy? Classify anticonvulsants and write the structure of

Epilepsy is a disease which arises due to the disorders of control nervous system. This disease is characterized by somewhat more or less frequent recurrence of seizures in

which there occur convulsions or other abnormal body movements, which are accompanied by loss or disturbance in consciousness. Anticonvulsants are classified as:

Barbiturates: – Barbitone sodium, Phenobarbitone, Methyl phenobarbitone.

Hydantoins :- Phenytoin, Mephenytoin

Oxazolidinediones :-Trimethadione, Paramethadione

Succinimides :- Ethosuximide, Phensuximide

Benzodiazepines: Diazepam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam, Nitrazepam

Miscellaneous :- Primidone, Carbamazepine, Valproic acid, Phenacemide, Pregabalin, Gabapentin

Phenobarbitone Structure

Define and classify narcotic analgesic drugs.

Narcotic analgesics are derivatives of opium, semi synthetic or synthetic agents having potent analgesic & narcotic activity and effective for the treatment of severe pain. Classification of Narcotic analgesics

Narcotic analgesic are classified as:-

Morphine and related compounds (Natural alkaloids of opium) e.g. Morphine, Codeine.

Semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine- Heroin, Brown Sugar
Marks Classification 1Mark str.

Mark definition

Marks classify.

Synthetic Agents- Methadone, Pethidine, Dextropropoxyphen hydrochloride

Page

What do you know about sex hormones? Give the uses of Progesterone and Cortisone.

Sex hormones are the hormones which are produced mainly in gonads, ovaries or testes. They influence the development and maintenance of the structures directly and indirectly associated with reproduction. Three main types of sex hormones are

Androgenic or anabolic steroids :-

The androgens are mainly able to maintain the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characters, thereby increasing virility and libido.

Oestrogens :- Oestrogens influence development and maintenance of secondary female sex characters. They are also essential for maintenance of pregnancy. They also exert anabolic effect on protein metabolism & water retention.

Progestogens.:-

Progestogens are necessary for various changes takes place in uterus & vagina during menstrual cycle, for developing mammary tissue and for maintain pregnancy.

Uses of Progesterone:

It is used as a hormonal replacement therapy in deficiency of progesterone.

It is used in treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

It is also used along with estrogen in menstrual disorders, premenstrual tension

It is used in treatment of neoplasm of breast and endometriosis.

It has also been incorporated into an intra-uterine device for female contraception.

Treatment of habitual abortion.

Maintenance of pregnancy if it occurs.

Uses of Cortisone:

Anti-inflammatory action: Cortisone is a steroid that prevents the release of substances in the body that cause inflammation.

Cortisone is used to treat many different conditions such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, or breathing disorders.

1 Mark sex hormones,

1.5 Marks to uses of each drug

Subject Title: Pharmaceutical Chemistry-I I Subject Code:

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

Treatment of lung infection

Treatment of allergic conjunctivitis

It has immune suppressant action hence used in organ transplantation and autoimmune disorder.

Treatment of Addison’s disease.

Write the structure and uses of

Atropine

Atropine Uses:

Atropine has antispasmodic action on smooth muscles, hence used for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers and for the relief of renal and biliary colics.
Useful in symptomatic treatment of Parkinsonism.

It is one of the components of pre-anaesthetic medication, where it is given to reduce salivary and bronchial secretions and to diminish the risk of vagal inhibition of the heart.

It is used by ophthalmologist for its mydriatic effects.

Treatment of hyperhidrosis (Abnormal increased sweating)

1Mark Str.

1Mark use.

Propranolol

Propranolol Uses:

Treatment of various cardiac diseases like Cardiac arrhythmia, Arterial hypertension,

Angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, coronary atherosclerosis, tacycardia

Treatment of Pheochromocytoma (cancer of adrenal glands)

Treatment of glaucoma

5. Attempt any THREE of the following.

Write structure, chemical name uses and brand names of Paracetamol

Structure

Chemical name: p-hydroxy acetanilide OR 4-hydroxy acetanilide OR 4-Acetylaminophenol

Uses:

Antipyretic

Analgesics for relief of pain such as headache, toothache, neuralgia, rheumatism.

Brand names- Tylenol, Calpol, panadol, crocin, metacin, valadol, paldesic, Dolo

Define antiseptics and disinfectants. Classify them with examples

Def: Antiseptic and disinfectants are the chemical agents which are employed to destroy

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

or inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganism. Antiseptics are applied on living tissues while disinfectants are used on inanimates or non living objects.

CLASSIFICATION

1) Alcohols & Aldehydes

E.g. Ethyl Alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol, Formaldehyde

2) Halogen Compounds.

E.g. Chloramine T, Chorhexidine Acetate, Dibromopropamidine Isothionate.

3) Phenols & Related Compounds

E .g. Phenol, Chlorocresol, Chloroxylenol, Cresol, Hexachlorophene, Thymol.

4) Mercury Compounds.

E.g. , Thiomersal, Mercuric chloride

5) Dyes.

E.g. Proflavine Hemisulphate, Acriflavine, Brilliant Green, Crystal Violet (Gentian Violet), Methylene Blue.

6) Surface Active Agents

E.g. Benzalkonium Chloride, Cetrimide, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Domiphen Bromide,

7) Miscellaneous Agents.

E.g. Dequalinum Sulphate, Nitrofurazone.

Give structure, chemical name and uses of D.E.C.

Structure

M classification

2 M structure

1 M chemical name

1M uses

Page

Chemical name: 7-Chloro-4-[4’-(diethylamino)-1-methyl butyl] amino quinoline

Dosage forms:

Chlroquine Phosphate Injection

Chlroquine Phosphate Tablets

Chlroquine Syrup

Chroquine Sulphate Injection

Chroquine Sulphate tablet

Brand Names: Cadiquin, Cloquin, Emquin, Lariago, Aralen, Avioclor, Quinross, Resochin, Nivaquine

Attempt any THREE of the following:

What are anti-amoebic agents? Classify them with suitable examples.

Anti-amoebic agents: The drugs which are used in the treatment of amoebic infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica are called as antiamoebic drugs.

Classification of antiamoebic drugs:

Drugs of natural origin: g. emetin

Synthetic drugs:

Quinoline derivative e.g. Chloroquine

Halogenated-8-hydroxyquinoline derivative e.g. quinidochlor, Diiodohydroxyquinoline

Nitro-imidazole derivative e.g. Metronidazole, Tinidazole

rks

M definition

M classification

Page 27 of 32

Antibiotic: e.g. Paramomycin, Tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxythromycin

Organic arsenicals: e.g. carbarsone

Miscellaneous e.g Diloxanide furoate

Explain the process of blood coagulation. Write the structure and chemical name of

Process of blood coagulation:

Thrombin and several clotting factors present in plasma and calcium ions are involved in the coagulation. Process of blood coagulation can be described as follows.

Whenever there is an injury to a blood vessel, there is formation of rough surface. When blood platelets come in contact with such a rough surface, they are injured.

Due to injury, they release the substance called thromboplastin. In the presence of thromboplastin and calcium in the blood plasma prothrombin is converted into thrombin which helps in conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

The fibrin is insoluble and forms threads. The threads of fibrin form a net. In the holes of this net, blood cells are entangled. This mass then contracts to form a blood clot.

i) Indomethacine

Uses:

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic in rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment of spondylitis, osteoarthritis and in gout

Treatment of dysmenorrhea and migraine.

Uses:

To relieve bronchial spasm in acute attacks of asthma.

It is used to increase blood pressure in treatment of hypotension.

Intra venous administration of Adrenaline is used to treat acute circulary collapse or cardiac arrest.

Treatment of allergic disorder.

Treatment of superficial bleeding due to its vasoconstriction effect.

Added to local anesthetic to prolong the duration of effect.

It has mydriatic effect.

Define and classify cholinergic drugs. Write the uses of Acetylcholine Definition:

The agents that mimic the action of acetylcholine or produce the effect of parasympathetic nerve stimulation are called as cholinergic drugs or parasympathomimetic agents.

Classification:

Choline esters: Acetylcholine, Methacholine, Carbachol

Cholinomimetic alkaloids: Muscarine, Pilocarpine, Arecholine

Cholinesterase inhibitors (Indirectly acting)

Reversible Inhibitors- Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine

Irreversible Inhibitors- Organophosphates (Parathion, Malathion), Insecticides.

Uses of Acetylcholine:

It reduces intraocular pressure in glaucoma

In the relief of atony of gut and urinary bladder

Bhubaneswar Pharma Companies List – Odisha || Orissa Pharmaceutical Industries

July 26, 2020October 29, 2018 by Renee

Bhubaneswar Pharma companies List: Today, in India the pharmaceutical industry can be characterised as a high-technology industry with very deep historical roots – which were less scientific at least when considered with today’s measures – dating back to the ancient Egyptians. Cuttack-Bhubaneswar region constitutes the most developed part of Orissa as this zone is considered as the business centre of the state. The first pharmaceutical unit in the area emerged under the patronage of Utkal Gourav Madhusudan Das in the early 20th century. Till date, the existing oldest pharmaceutical cluster is M/s Novo Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Limited, Industrial Estate Cuttack. The units started were thriving primarily through the supply of drugs from outside the state. As the state is most vulnerable to natural calamities and the government requires an adequate supply of drugs for calamity-hit areas within 1-2 days, dependency on the outside firms wasn’t the solution. The promoters of the unit visualized the scenario and opted for setting the pharmaceutical industry with purely manual manufacturing processes. Since mid-80’s, the semi-mechanised process was adopted and the number of units has been steadily increasing, owing to the orders received from the State government and other public sector institutions for their in-house hospitals and dispensaries as well the demand of medicines in the low-end rural markets of the state.

Bhubaneswar – Odisha || Orissa Pharmaceutical Industries

Here we are showing the list of core firms of the pharmaceutical industry of Bhubaneswar:-

Chilika Pharmaceutical Lab, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Laxmi Health Care, MIE, Bhubaneswar

M/s Easter Drug, Satyanagar, BBSR

Orissa Pharmaceutical Industries

Orissa Drugs & Chemicals Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 258 0250

M/s Arogya Pharmaceuticals, MIG-136, Sailashree Vihar, C.S. Pur, BBSR

M/s Eastern India Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Mg. Part. -Sri Umakanta Rath, B-22, I.E,Bhubaneswar

Kingsy Pharmaceuticals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 258 0265

M/s Kusum chemicals & pharmaceuticals, Plot No.s-3/21,Mancheswar Industrial Estate, Nucleus-A, Bhubaneswar

Abicee Pharmaceuticals pvt Ltd, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 258 0307

Bhubaneswar Pharma Companies List – Odisha || Orissa Pharmaceutical Industries

Avon Laboratories, Bijipur, Khandagiri, BBSr, Tamando.

BG PHARMACEUTICAL, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 258 5454

Nodex Pharmaceutical Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
094396 54321

Bhubaneswar Pharma Companies List

Rahul Industries, Pl. No.40, Sector-A, Zone-D, MIE, Bhubaneswar.

Pharma Franchisse, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
099969 93139

Galaxy Medicare Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 258 0543

Shiva Pharmaceuticals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 253 1465

Pharmonix Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 246 0918

Vikas Pharmaceuticals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 253 3224

Narayan Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 258 0370

C’ESTLAVIE PHARMA, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 230 3185

D. Pharmaceuticals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 253 6051

Subhash Pharmaceuticals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 253 0863

Trinetra Pharmaceuticals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 253 4075

Tirumula Agencies, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 235 4981

Clifford Pharmaceuticals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 254 6340

Kores India Private Limited, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 254 4734

Frank Ross Pharmacy Bhubaneswar, PLOT NO:-M/1, KHATA NO. 276

Indsaff, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
0674 274 3265

Pharmonix pharmaceuticals, Lot No: 1928, Guru Bishnu Nilaya,Kishan Nagar Canal Road,Near Saptasati Temple
094372 38917

Present Scenario:-

Overall 54 pharmaceutical units are running in the region. They are manufacturing both generic as well as proprietary drugs and formulations. Most industries are engaged in the manufacturing of products for the general ailments like malaria, filaria, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, etc, which are prevalent in Orissa. As such they are much dependant on the local market and government purchases, in particular. However, 4 units thrive exclusively on the open market and have their limited presence in neighbouring states. Among the main proprietor owned units, there is one state-run unit (ODCL) co-owned by IPICOL and IDPL which has been declared as a sick unit and referred to BIFR for compensation. The unit possesses huge plant and machinery resources lying un-utilized. The estimated employment being provided by the cluster is to about 1000 persons directly and to another 500+ persons indirectly.

Interview Preparation for Regulatory Affairs Role IPR Question & Answers

July 26, 2020October 26, 2018 by Renee

Interview Preparation for Regulatory Affairs Role: In the Pharmaceutical industry, Regulatory Affairs is a profession, acting as the interface between the pharmaceutical industry and Drug Regulatory authorities across the world. It is mainly involved in the registration of the drug products prior to their marketing for respective countries. The goals of Regulatory Affairs Professionals are Protection of human health, Ensuring safety, efficacy and quality of drugs with appropriateness and accuracy of product information

Depending on the type of regulatory affairs role you are going for, you are to answer different questions. Therefore the first recommendation for the preparation is to take a look at the job description and try to practice the probable questions. Also, match your CV against the job profile such as the criteria of where and where have you demonstrated the skills, characteristics and experience the interviewer is looking for…

Let’s find out the Roles of Regulatory Affairs professionals

Act as a liaison with regulatory agencies. For translating regulatory requirements into practical workable plans they provide expertise and regulatory intelligence
Organize and prepare scientifically valid NDA, ANDA, INDA, MAA, DMF submissions

Adherence and compliance with all the applicable cGMP, ICH, GCP, GLP guidelines, regulations and laws

Adviser to the companies on regulatory aspects and climate that would affect their proposed activities

There are various other roles which Regulatory Affairs professionals play so you must be well aware of what preparation is apt to you.

Generally, the main questions during an interview include the following:

The interview will go around regulatory authorities or agencies if you have dealt with any.
Electronic submissions have evolved as a big part of regulatory affairs work nowadays. You can expect questions on it and your experience to date.
If the regulatory affairs job offers to work for a UK affiliate, be prepared to be asked about your experience of dealing with MRHA.
Often, in the interview of regulatory affairs job, you will be given the companies that tend to operate on a global level, who are doing global submissions. Since experience matters, in most cases, you can prepare yourself to answer questions about your experience of team working on a global level. It’s better to collect data about the times when you have worked as part of a team on a global level, and the impact you made.

Interview Preparation for Regulatory Affairs Role IPR

Here are some Interview questions and answers:

What is an Investigational New Drug (IND) application?

Ans- It is an application which is filled with FDA to get approval for legally testing an experimental drug on human subjects in the USA.

What is CTD?

Ans-The Common Technical Document (CTD) is a set of specification for application dossier, for the registration of Medicines and designed to be used across Europe, Japan and the United States.Quality, Safety and Efficacy information is assembled in a common format through CTD .The CTD is maintained by the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). CTD format for submission of drug registration applications/dossiers is widely accepted by regulatory authorities of other countries too like Canada, Australia etc.

3. What are the modules in CTD?

Ans- The Common Technical Document is divided into five modules:

Module 1. Administrative information and prescribing information

Module 2. Common Technical Document summaries (Overview and summary of modules 3 to 5)

Module 3. Quality

Module 4. Nonclinical Study Reports (toxicology studies)

Module 5. Clinical Study Reports (clinical studies)

4. What are the chemical classification codes for NDA?

Ans-

Number	Meaning
1	New molecular entity (NME)
2	New ester, new salt, or other noncovalent derivative
3	New formulation
4	New combination
5	New manufacturer
6	New indication
7	Drug already marketed, but without an approved NDA
8	OTC (over-the-counter) switch

What is a New Drug Application?

Ans- The NDA is the vehicle through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing in the U.S. The data gathered during the animal studies and human clinical trials of an Investigational new drug become part of the NDA

In simple words, “It is an application which is filed with FDA to market a new Pharmaceutical for sale in USA”

What is an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)?

Ans- It is an application filed with FDA, for a U.S. generic drug approval for an existing licensed medication or approved drug.

In simple words, “It is an application for the approval of Generic Drugs “

What is a Generic Drug Product?

Ans- A generic drug product is the one that is comparable to an innovator drug product in dosage form, strength, route of administration, quality, performance characteristics and intended use.

What is a DMF?

Ans- A Drug Master File (DMF) is a submission to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that may be used to provide confidential detailed information about facilities, processes, or articles used in the manufacturing, processing, packaging, and storing of one or more human drugs.

Important facts regarding DMFs

It is submitted to FDA to provide confidential information
Its submission is not required by law or regulations
It is neither approved nor disapproved
It is filed with FDA to support NDA, IND, ANDA another DMF or amendments and supplements to any of these
It is provided for in the 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 314. 420
It is not required when applicant references its own information

What are the types of DMF’s?

Ans-

Type I: Manufacturing Site, Facilities, Operating Procedures, and Personnel (No longer accepted by FDA)

Type II: Drug Substance, Drug Substance Intermediate, and Material Used in Their Preparation, or Drug Product

Type III: Packaging Material

Type IV: Excipient, Colorant, Flavor, Essence, or Material Used in Their Preparation

Type V: FDA Accepted Reference Information (FDA discourages its use)

What is a 505 (b)(2) application ?

Ans- 505 (b)(2) application is a type of NDA for which one or more investigations relied on by applicant for approval were not conducted by/for applicant and for which applicant has not obtained a right of reference.

What kind of application can be submitted as a 505(b)(2) application?

Ans-

New chemical entity (NCE)/new molecular entity (NME)

Changes to previously approved drugs

What are the examples of changes to approved drug products for which 505(b)(2) application should be submitted ?

Ans-

Change in dosage form.

Change in strength

Change in route of administration

Substitution of an active ingredient in a formulation product

Change in formulation

Change in dosing regimen

Change in active ingredient

New combination Product

New indication

Change from prescription indication to OTC indication

Naturally derived or recombinant active ingredient
Bioinequivalence

What is Hatch-Waxman act?

Ans-It is the popular name for Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, 1984. It is considered as the landmark legislation which established the modern system of generic drugs in USA. Hatch-Waxman amendment of the federal food, drug and cosmetics act established the process by which, would be marketers of generic drugs can file Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) to seek FDA approval of generic drugs. Paragraph IV of the act, allows 180 day exclusivity to companies that are the “first-to-file” an ANDA against holders of patents for branded counterparts.

In simple words “Hatch-Waxman act is the amendment to Federal, Food, Drug and Cosmetics act which established the modern system of approval of generics”

What are the patent certifications under Hatch-Waxman act?

Ans-As per the Hatch and Waxman act, generic drug and 505 (b) (2) applicants should include certifications in their applications for each patent listed in the “Orange Book” for the innovator drug. This certification must state one of the following:

(I) that the required patent information relating to such patent has not been filed (Para I certification);

(II) that such patent has expired (Para II certification);

(III) that the patent will expire on a particular date (Para III certification); or

(IV) that such patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the drug, for which approval is being sought(Para IV certification).

A certification under paragraph I or II permits the ANDA to be approved immediately, if it is otherwise eligible. A certification under paragraph III indicates that the ANDA may be approved when the patent expires.

What is meant by 180 day exclusivity?

Ans-The Hatch-Waxman Amendments provide an incentive of 180 days of market exclusivity to the “first” generic applicant who challenges a listed patent by filing a paragraph IV certification and thereby runs the risk of having to defend a patent infringement suit.

180 Day Exclusivity could be granted to more than one applicant. The recent example is- 180 day exclusivity was granted to Ranbaxy and Watson Laboratories for marketing generic version of Lipitor ( Atorvastatin calcium).

Interview Preparation for Regulatory Affairs Role IPR Question and Answers

What are the procedures for Approval of Drug in EU?

Centralised Procedure (CP)

Decentralised Procedure (DCP)

Mutual Recognition Procedure (MRP)

National Procedure (NP)

What is the Full form of abbreviation, CEP?

Certificate of Suitability to the monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (or) Certificate of suitability of monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (or) Certification of suitability of European Pharmacopoeia monographs

It is also informally referred to as Certificate of Suitability (COS)

What is a CEP?

It is the certificate which is issued by Certification of Substances Division of European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM), when the manufacturer of a substance provides proof that the quality of the substance is suitably controlled by the relevant monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia.

What is ICH?

Ans-International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH): is a project that brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration.

What is a Marketing Authorization Application?

Ans- It is an application filed with the relevant authority in the Europe (typically, the UK’s MHRA or the EMA’s Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP)) to market a drug or medicine.

As per UK’s MHRA-

Applications for new active substances are described as ‘full applications’.

Applications for medicines containing existing active substances are described as ‘abbreviated’ or ‘abridged applications’.