Painkiller / Pain reliever Medications for Dogs – Vetty Suggest Pain Pills

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medication for my per dog painkiller

Painkiller/Pain reliever Medications for Dogs are in this article. There is a saying that if you want to experience unconditional love you must own a dog. Naturally, when your dog hurts, it painful to watch and you want to help him feel better. Our society’ structure is such that many stray animals are left out on road without any shelter or treatment they need. This causes an imbalance in the environment and the disease spreads here and there. Your vet will recommend medication based on what’s going or you might already know what the problem is, and you could be searching for a medicine you can use. In the meantime, you can figure out a safe pain reliever for your dog which is equally a tough job. Also, in this article, there are dos and don’ts for treating your dog.

Here are a few ways to help ease the pain of dogs.

medication for my per dog painkiller

Putting up NSAIDs

NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) help reduce swelling, stiffness, and joint pain in humans and they can be put to the dogs in need. These are a group of medications, including ibuprofen and aspirin which reduces inflammation, pain and fever. There are special NSAIDs designed just for dogs but in some sort of situations, you can give your dog a human medication.
Some of the NSAIDs for dogs are Meloxicam (Metacam), Carprofen (Novox or Rimadyl), Firocoxib (Previcox) & Deracoxib (Deramaxx). These medications can all be prescribed by your vet. These painkillers can bring relief to a dog with arthritis, or one who’s just had surgery. The vet can also diagnose what’s causing the pain and help to treat that. Likely, your vet might recommend that you give your dog aspirin under their supervision.

 

Painkiller / Pain reliever Medications for Dogs – Vetty Suggest Pain Pills

Other Medications
Usually, NSAIDs are good at relieving pain there is no need for veterinarians to prescribe other kinds of painkillers often. But at times the dogs may require more options. Your vet might prone to suggest you about gabapentin or tramadol.
There are some factors to keep in mind while giving the dogs’ painkillers such as an incorrect dose, problems with mixing medications and sensitivity to human medications can all cause problems. It is to be taken care of that in varied cases human medications given to dogs could cause severe complications including:
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Ulcers
• Holes in the stomach lining
• Liver and kidney damage
Normally, just like humans dogs and other animals are also liable to get some side effects on having painkillers.
You are to watch out for:
• Changes in behavior
• Loss of appetite
• Skin redness
• Digestive issues, including diarrhea and vomiting
Moreover, the vet is much more knowledgeable about the dog’s health, so they can give you more insight about what to look for.

Painkillers (relievers) for Children & Adults Including Injections

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Physical pain whether in adults or kids troubles in lot many ways. Though the reason for pain is a matter of concern and varies case to case still nobody wants to bear it. It is true that Pain management should start when one is first diagnosed and should continue throughout the illness. Here in this article let’s find out the pain relievers medications including the injections for children as well as adults.

Pain in children is quite complex to detect especially in cancer pain and ideally, a multidisciplinary approach should be used. The initial pain assessment of a child/adults reporting or presenting behavioural signs of pain includes:

Self-reported measures of pain: Adults can report it directly while children are given to rate their pain on a scale of 1-10. The doctors show pictures that reflect different emotions and ask them which best illustrates how they are feeling.

Physiologic measures of pain: Change in blood pressure and pulse changes, as well as palm-sweating, are taken note of for any individual.

Behavioural measures of pain: For children, evaluation of their motor responses, facial expressions, crying and behaviour (for example, sleep-wake patterns) are done.

 

Prescription pain relievers include medications used to treat pain in children too such as:

  • Corticosteroids- Corticosteroids can be used to treat allergies, asthma and arthritis. They are generally given in the form of pills or injections that target a certain joint to alleviate pain.
  • Opioids- Opioids are often used to control acute pain, such as short-term pain after surgery. Opioids are effective for severe pain and don’t cause bleeding in the stomach or other parts of the body, as can some other types of pain relievers.

Note: (Tramadol should not be used for pain and after surgery to remove their tonsils or adenoids in children under 12 years old and 18 years old respectively. For pain or cough in children under 12 years old Codeine should not be used.)

  • Antidepressants- Antidepressants are drugs that can treat pain and/or emotional conditions by adjusting levels of neurotransmitters (natural chemicals) in the brain. These medications enable pain control for people with chronic pain conditions that do not completely respond to usual treatments & increase the availability of the body’s signals for well-being and relaxation.
  • Anticonvulsants – Anticonvulsants are anti-seizure medications. These drugs typically minimize the effects of nerves that cause pain and are therefore used to treat seizure disorders.
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – Your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription-strength non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil).

Note: (In young adults under the age of 19, Aspirin should not be used unless instructed by your doctor, as it can cause Reye’s syndrome if used during or after a viral or fever-causing illness.)

  • Lidocaine patches- Another means of topical pain relief comes in the form of lidocaine (Lidoderm) patch, which is a prescription medication.
  • Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): This is often used in the hospital to treat pain. Children who are 4-6years old may be able to use PCA with the help of a parent or nurse. Many children above 6 years and can adults can independently use the PCA pump.

Epidural analgesia: Epidural analgesia can be performed around major surgeries such as abdominal, lower extremity or spinal surgeries for postoperative pain control. Pain medication is injected into the epidural space of the spinal cord.

Note: (While providing analgesia, the underlying cause of the pain should be determined and treated if possible, remembering that the pain of both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (e.g.: bone marrow biopsy) may often be worse than that of the disease. Proper treatment of such pain due to procedures should be there.)

This is to be taken a measure of that these medications are the same for both adults and children but the dosing is not the same for children. Generally, the dose of medicine is smaller for children than for the average adult because it is based on the patient’s weight. It is very important to follow the dosage given by the doctor.

Cold Flu Syrup Dosage for Infants & Babies

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We have common problems for kids at our homes. This article Cold Flu Syrup Dosage for Infants & Babies helps you for sure if you have children at your home.

There are varieties of cough and cold medicines available including syrups and drops over the counter (OTC). According to The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), children under the age of 2 should never be given over-the-counter (OTC) cough or cold medications. However, most cough and cold medicine manufacturers state that cough and cold medicine should not be given to children under the age of 4.

Causes of COLD

Since children’s cough may be associated with a broad array of situations, it is helpful to consider possible causes under various categories.

The most common cause of a child’s cough is infection with the common cold (upper respiratory tract infection). Infants will suffer from cough causing from nasal allergies, wheezing, GERD, and foreign object that may also cause choking.

Though curing cold flu for infants is a tough job, paediatricians say these strategies may help:

  • If the child is 3 months of age or younger at the first sign of an illness, call the child’s doctor right away.
  • By using the appropriate medication suggested by the doctor such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) the fever can be reduced. Do not use ibuprofen and aspirin in children under age 6 months or if your child is vomiting or dehydrated and to avoid the risk of Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious disease.
  • Using honey for coughs or sore throat for infants will be fine if they are older than age 1 as honey can be toxic to infants.
  • To clear thick mucus out of your child’s nose try saline drops or spray. Also, give your child plenty of liquids to increase hydration and help thin mucus.
  • Use a humidifier in your child’s room to add moisture to the dry air. If your child wheezes, call the paediatrician. To ease congestion, keep the child’s head elevated when resting.
  • Other treatments may be needed to help open airways.

How to use Infants’ Cold Drops & Syrup?

  1. If you are taking the over-the-counter product, read all directions on the product package before giving this medication and on consulting your pharmacist.
    1. Put this medication by mouth with or without food or as directed by the concerned paediatrician. This dosage can be taken with food or milk if stomach upset occurs.
  1. For liquid form of medicine, measure carefully the prescribed dose with a medication-marking device or spoon. Try to refrain from using household spoons for incorrect dose. Shake the bottle well if your liquid form is a suspension, before using.
  1. Chewable forms of this medication can be chewed thoroughly before swallowing.
  • The dosage depends on the age of the patient. Do not increase the dose or take this medication more often before your doctor’s approval. Abuse or improper use of this medication may result in serious harm (e.g., brain damage, seizure, death).

Cold and cough medicines to be avoided for infants and children

These 4 categories of drugs are not for children under the age of 4 (or 2, depending upon the doctor’s recommendation), and include:

1.         Cough expectorants (guaifenesin)

2.         Cough suppressants (dextromethorphan, DM)

3.         Decongestants (pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine)

4.         Certain antihistamines like brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine maleate, and diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

Sun Pharma Interview Questions for Production Jobs

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Sun Pharma Interview Questions for Production Jobs

Today we are ready to share you some Sun Pharma Interview Questions for Production Jobs. Please be prepared before you go to the selection procedure.

First of all, let us go into the background of the production jobs and the concerned company that we are talking today. The candidates being a fresher or experienced looking for production jobs are available in various manufacturing drug companies. Here we shall provide you with the info about Sun Pharma. Sun Pharmaceuticals is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company that manufactures and sells pharmaceutical formulations and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) primarily in India and the United States. In a study conducted by a leading Media Analytics firm in association with TRA Research, a brand insights organization (both a part of the Comniscient Group); BlueBytes, Sun Pharma stood second in India’s Most Reputed Brands (Pharmaceutical) list.

Generally, the fresher pharmacist graduates can start with internship and be later inducted as a research scholar in R & D production team or as an assistant to the pharmaceutical manager, contract production pharmacist, and outsource the drug information to drive the sales and marketing team. The B. Pharmacy freshers are recruited to fill in Formulation production jobs. The experienced candidates will have ample opportunities to look for as the Production department is present in a formulation plant as well as in bulk (API) plant.  As a production pharmacist, one has to facilitate the assembly manager in achieving the desired output. The personnel are responsible to take orders from the production manager and overseas manufacturing activities. In addition to that one need to supervise the employees, plans production target which plays an important role in managing the company. Sun Pharma prefers candidates having educational qualification of B. Pharm/M.Pharm with experience in manufacturing and packing. Knowledge or Exposure to Compliance processes/ guidelines is desirable with 2 to 12 year of experience. For Sun Pharma there are 4 rounds of interview to crack including written test, technical, HR and Problem statement.  For being recruited in the production department knowledge is required for API Production and EHS on day to day basis.

Some of the questions that are asked are listed below:

•           Define Strip Package and Blister Package?

•           Factors that influence Tablet Hardness?

•           Difference between ampule and vial?

•           What is traceability?

•           What is the Effectiveness Objectives?

•           What is manpower handling?

•           What is the difference between prophylactics and therapeutics?

•           What is the purpose of coating in tablets?

Sun Pharma Interview Questions for Production Jobs

Hence keep a positive mindset and carry on the preparation for the interviews in the queue. Hope that this article would be of help to the readers hailing from pharmacy base.

Best Reference Books of Pharmaceutics for Pharmacy Students

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Best Reference Books of Pharmaceutics for Pharmacy Students

Pharmaceutics is the branch of pharmacology concerned with the preparation, use, or sale of medicinal drugs. By learning this subject the students are enabled to solidify the scientific foundation for understanding the drug physicochemical properties, practical aspects of dosage forms and drug delivery systems including the biological applications of drug administration. Let’s get an idea on the reference books with which a pharmacy student can study to gain an insight on the subject.

The books mentioned in this article have engaging contents that cover all aspects of pharmaceutics with emphasis on the basic science and its application to pharmacy practice. To meet the curricular guidelines mandated by the American Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), the students are to follow these books. The books are contained with laboratory skills with identified portions of each principle that can be used in a clinical setting. The contents are presented in a straightforward and student-friendly manner along with key ideas. Thus the teachers and instructors are able to demonstrate their adherence to ACPE standards and objectives from the books. These references are best fit for students in pharmaceutical science programs taking pharmaceutics or bio-pharmaceutics courses at the undergraduate, graduate and doctorate level.  

Booklist that you can check out

  • Pharmaceutics: Basic Principles and Application to Pharmacy Practice
  • Aulton’s Pharmaceutics by Michael E. Aulton (Editor); Kevin M. G. Taylor (Editor)
  • Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems by Loyd V. Allen
  • Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences by Patrick J. Sinko
  • Modern Pharmaceutics, Fifth Edition, Volume 1 by Alexander T. Florence (Editor); Jurgen Siepmann (Editor); Juergen Siepmann (Editor)
  • Theory and Practice of Contemporary Pharmaceutics by Tapash K. Ghosh (Editor); Bhaskara R. Jasti (Editor); Craig Svensson
  • Best Reference Books of Pharmaceutics for Pharmacy Students

These books have gained their rating and popularity because of the following:-

  • Illustration of Chapter objectives and chapter summaries that reinforce key topics.
  • Designed according to curricular guidelines of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) for both pharmaceutics and laboratory skills.
  • For students and instructors, a companion website features resources such as images and videos illustrating difficult processes and procedures and practice questions and answers. Instructor resources include Powerpoint slides and a full-colour image bank.

Aluminum-containing adjuvants Freund’s adjuvant-Mechanism of action – Working Examples

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Today we discuss Aluminum-containing adjuvants. Let me give you examples of
Aluminum-containing adjuvants:
E.g.; aluminum phosphate, aluminum hydroxide and alum-precipitated vaccines

Mechanism of action

  1. Formation of a repository or depot of antigen in tissues.
  2. Direct effect on APCs (eosinophil or macrophage activation.)-increased immune response to DNA vaccines when mixed with aluminum phosphate adjuvants.
  3. Direct activation of dendritic cells.

 Aluminum hydroxide has been found to be a more potent adjuvant than aluminum phosphate.

 Aluminum hydroxide showed higher adsorption of tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid than aluminum phosphate at room temperature at a pH of 6.0

Adsorption mechanisms: The main mechanisms by which aluminum-containing adjuvants adsorb antigens are:

 electrostatic attraction – based on isoelectric point
 hydrophobic forces – tested by ethylene glycol
 ligand exchange – occurs with phosphorylated antigens

DISADVANTAGES:

Although widely approved and effective as adjuvants, alum and other aluminum salts do have some issues since they require relatively large quantities of antigen which requires repeated dosing, are nonbioadhesive, cannot elicit cell-mediated Immunity, and require constant refrigeration.
In addition, alums are not effective by the mucosal route as adjuvants and there are concerns relating to the production of IgF when alum is used. These are becoming more relevant as vaccines for use in tropical underdeveloped nations become of increasing concern movement toward heat-stable, single-dose vaccines and this may be achieved by using microparticle formulated vaccines.

• Granulomas are common when alum is administered via the subcutaneous or intradermal rather than intramuscular route.

• Other side effects of alum are increased IgE production, allergenicity and potential neurotoxicity.

• High aluminium levels in the body predominately affect the brain and bone tissues causing fatal neurological syndrome and dialysis-associated dementia.

• Aluminium intoxication is also potentially linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease.

• Alternatively, the salts of calcium, iron and zirconium have also been used to adsorb antigens. In particular, calcium phosphate has been used for diphtheria tetanus-pertussis vaccines (DPT).

MF 59:a oil-in-water emulsion :

MF59 is a low-oil-content o/w emulsion.

 The oil used for MF59 is squalene, naturally occurring biodegradable and biocompatible oil.
 MF59 contains 2 nonionic surfactants, Tween 80 and Span 85.
 Citrate buffer is also used in MF59 to stabilize pH.

Composition of MF59:

0.5% Tween 80 – water-soluble surfactant
0.5% Span 85 – oil -soluble surfactant
4.3% squalene oil
Water for injection
10 nM Na-citrate buffer.

   Mechanism of action of MF59:

 The emulsion acts as a direct delivery system and was responsible for promoting the uptake of antigen into antigen- presenting cells (APCs).

 A direct effect on cytokine levels in vivo has been observed.

 Recent studies have confirmed the ability of MF59 to have a direct effect on immune cells, triggering the release of chemokines and other factors responsible for recruitment and maturation of immune cells.

Squalene is the main component of MF59 emulsion.

Freund’s adjuvant:

 Freund, in 1937, demonstrated the adjuvant effect of mineral (paraffin) oil mixed with killed Mycobacteria, referred to as Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). The water-in-oil emulsion without Mycobacteria, known as Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FIA), has been used in a number of veterinary vaccines.
 The mode of action of FIA was attributed to depot formation at the site of injection and slow release of the antigen with stimulation of antibody-producing plasma cells. Injection of FIA and antigen at separate sites did not increase the immune esponse. The antigen must be trapped within water droplets (aqueous phase) in the lipid emulsion for augmentation of the immune response.
 FIA was used in humans, particularly with influenza and killed poliomyelitis vaccines enhancing their immunogenicity. FIA is not currently used in humans because of the side effects such as local reactions at the site of injection (granuloma and cyst formation), oil-induced neoplasmas in mice.

Microorganism – derived adjuvants:

Some components of mycobacterial cells may also have immunostimulatory action. Synthetic and semisynthetic derivatives have been tested, including muramyl di- and tripeptides, MDP and MTP. MDP, –acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, is a small glycopeptide which appears to represent the smallest structure essential for mycobacterial adjuvanticity. However, synthetic MDP and some other analogues have the ability to enhance nonspecific resistance against diverse microbial infections and are capable of conferring resistance against a wide variety of pathogens, including influenza, herpes simplex, vaccinia, and Sendai virus. A purified monophosphoryl A in an emulsion has beenevaluated clinically although it does not appear to have progressed to the market place.

 Bacterial or fungal substances constitute a productive source of potential adjuvants.

 Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan or LPS enhances the immune response.

 This adjuvant activity is mediated through activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs).

 Different species of bacteria used as a source of adjuvants include Mycobacterium spp., Corynebacterium parvum, C. granulosum, Bordetella pertussis and Neisseria meningitidis.

 The adjuvants obtained from microorganisms are:

a) muramyl dipeptide (MDP) , muramyl tripeptide ( MTP)
b) lipid A
c) trehalose dimycolate (TDM).

 The major adjuvant activity of these bacteria is mediated by N-acetyl muramyl-l-alanyl-d-isoglutamine, also called muramyl dipeptide (MDP).

 In saline, MDP mainly enhances humoral immunity, whilst when incorporated into liposomes or mixed with glycerol it induces strong cellular immunity. Compounds with adjuvant activity derived from MDP include treonyl –MDP.

 Another important group of compounds derived from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is LPS. The major structural element of LPS responsible for their adjuvant effect is lipid A.

 In low acid conditions, lipid A can be hydrolyzed to obtain monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a compound which retains the adjuvant activity of lipid A with reduced toxicity.

 Another extract from bacterial walls is trehalose dimycolate(TDM), an adjuvant which simulates both humoral and cellular responses.

Pharmaceutics Interview Basic Questions and Answers 0+ Exp

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Pharmaceutics Interview Basic Questions and Answers 0+ Exp

When you are trying to attend Pharmaceutics interview, you are ought to know few basic definitions and information regarding the subject. Pharmaceutics is also called the science of dosage form design.
Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or old drugs into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patients. If you cherish a good job in pharmaceutics field or drug making process you really need to know these below important terms used in this field.

Define Pharmaceutics?

Pharmaceutics is defined in this glossary as the science of preparation of drugs, dosage forms. and drug delivery systems, taking into account the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug as well as its physical and chemical properties. Thus, many branches of chemistry such as organic, inorganic, solid-state, colloid, and surface chemistry, as well as nanotechnology and others, play roles in pharmaceutics. Even the more biologically oriented branch of pharmaceutics, i.e., biopharmaceutics, draws on chemical concepts such as (pharmaco)kinetics, absorption, dissolution, diffusion, and others.

Absorption (in pharmaceutics)


Process by which a drug moves from its site of administration, usually across biological membranes,to the systemic circulation or its site of action in the body.
Note: Systemic absorption: uptake to the blood and transport via the blood of a substance to an organ or compartment in the body distant from the site of absorption.

Active transport of drugs


Carriage of a solute across a biological membrane, which requires a suitable carrier and the expenditure of energy.

Define Molarity? Molality? Normality?

Molarity-Number of moles of solute per litre solution. Denoted with “M”

Molality-Number of moles of solute per kilogram solvent. Denoted with “m”

Normality-Number of Number of moles equivalent per litre solution.

Process validation

Process validation is the collection and evaluation of data from the process design stage throughout production. It establishes scientific evidence that a process is capable of consistently delivering quality products.
it means establishing by objective evidence that a process consistently produces a result or product meeting its predetermined specifications.

Difference Between Disintegration And Dissolution?

Disintegration is a disaggregation process, in which an oral dosage form falls apart in to smaller aggregates.(Disintegration time is the ‘break up’ time of a solid dosage form).
Where as dissolution is a process by which solid substance enters in the solvent to yield a solution.It is controlled by the affinity between the solid substance and the solvent. Disintegration is a subset of dissolution.

Explain Accuracy Specificity Precision

Accuracy
Accuracy of a residual solvent method is evaluated by performing “spike and recovery” experiments.
Precision
The manners in which repeatability, intermediate precision,and reproducibility are accessed are similar to those used forthe impurity test for related substances.
Specificity
Specificity is determined by comparing the chromatogram obtained from a diluted THF solution to that of the drug product matrix. The method is deemed specific if there are no interferences from the matrix observed.

B-Pharmacy 1st Year Pharmaceutics / Important Questions for Internal & External Examination (2marks)

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B-PHARMACY 1ST YEAR PHARMACEUTICS / IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR INTERNAL & EXTERNAL EXAMINATION (2MARKS)

Hello readers. Welcome to our site pharmawiki.in. Today we will discuss B-Pharmacy 1st Year Pharmaceutics / Important Questions for Internal & External Examination. These are for especially 2marks and you can even expect 10 marks questions with the combination of these one or two questions.

B-Pharmacy 1st Year Pharmaceutics

  1. Define Dosage Forms. Give classification.
  2. Define: Creams, Pastes, Gargles, Elixirs,
  3. Give Classification of dosage form.
    Prescription
    2 Marks
  4. What is the importance of Latin language in prescription writing?**
  5. Enlist various types of prescription with suitable example.**
  6. Give the typical example of prescription.
  7. Define prescription. Enlist types of prescription.
    5 Marks
  8. Write a note on reasons & remedies of physical incompatibility.
  9. Short note: parts of prescription.
  10. Short note: various types of prescription.*
  11. Short note: prescription pricing.
    10 Marks
  12. Define prescription. Explain in detail various parts of prescription.** Add a note on
    Pricing of Prescription or Handelling of prescription.
  13. B-Pharmacy First Year Important Questions
  14. Give a brief introduction to prescription & explain different parts of it with well labelled
    diagram.
  15. Define prescription. Explain various types of prescription with suitable example. Give a
    detailed account on parts of prescription.
    2
    Pharmaceutical Calculations
    2 Marks
  16. What will be the effect of administering hypertonic & hypotonic solution parenterally?
  17. In what proportion 50% & 90% alcohol be mixed to make 60% alcohol?
  18. How will you prepare 70% alcohol solution by using 95% & 20% alcohol?
  19. What is proof strength of 80% v/v & 45% v/v ethanol?
  20. Calculate the percent strength of 40 over proof & 30 under proof.
  21. In what proportion should 3%, 5%, 15% & 20% alcohol to be mixed to obtain 10%
    alcohol?
  22. Define proof spirit.*
  23. Define isotonicity & proof spirit.
  24. Define Hypertonic & Hypotonic solution.
    Posology
    2 Marks
  25. Define posology & state Dilling’s formula for calculating doses for children.
  26. Give Clark’s and Young’s formula for the calculation of doses.
  27. Give Young’s and Dilling’s formula for the calculation of doses.
    5 Marks
  28. Define posology and discuss the factors affecting does of drug & action
    of drug on human body.
  29. What do you mean by dose? Explain the factors affecting doses and action of drug on
    the human body.
    Pharmaceutical Incompatibility
    2 Marks
  30. Define therapeutic incompatibility.
  31. Solve the following incompatibility
    Rx
    Sodium Salicylate – 5 gm.
    Lemon syrup – 20ml
    Purified water – 75 ml.
    3
    5 Marks
  32. Write a note on reasons & remedies of physical incompatibility.
  33. Short note- Physical incompatibility.**
  34. Short note- Therapeutic incompatibility.
    10 Marks
  35. Define incompatibility. Discuss in detail chemical incompatibility.
  36. What is incompatibility? Discuss the reasons why physical & therapeutic incompatibility
    occurs. Describe the methods to correct such incompatibility.
    Suspensions
    2 Marks
  37. Differentiate between flocculated & deflocculated suspension.*
  38. Define suspension. Give any two example suspending agents.
  39. What do you mean by diffusible and indiffusible substances?
  40. What is stokes law?


B-Pharmacy First Year Important Questions

  • Classify suspension.
  • What are different excipients needed to compound oral suspension.
  • Explain dry powders for suspension in short.
  • 5 Marks
  • Short note: Thickening agents.
  • Short note: suspending agents.
  • Short note: Oral suspension.**
  • Emulsion
  • 2 Marks
  • Define HLB & Draw a well labelled HLB scale.

M-Pharmacy First Sem Question paper questions

Differentiate between suspension & emulsion.

Explain various identification tests for types of emulsion.

What do you mean by oral emulsion & topical emulsion?
5 Marks

Causes of instability of emulsion.**
4

Identification test of emulsion.*

Methods of compounding emulsion.
10 Marks

Define emulsion. Write a note on methods of preparation of emulsion & identification
tests for determination of type of emulsion.**

Define emulsion. Discuss methods of compounding and write a short note on causes of
for instability of emulsion.*

Define emulsion. Classify emulsion; explain in detail about instability of emulsion.

Define emulsion. Give a note on oral emulsion. Discuss its methods of preparation.
Semisolids
2 Marks

Define: creams & plasters.

Define: poultices & jellies.*

Classify ointment bases.

Define ointment & gels
5 Marks

Write a note method of preparation of ointment.

Short note: Gels & jellies.

Write a note on fusion method of ointment compounding.

Short note: plasters
10 Marks

Define ointment. Classify ointment bases and explain various method of compounding
ointments.**

Define ointment. Discuss method of compounding with example.
Suppositories
2 Marks

Classify suppository bases.

Give any four merits (advantages) of suppositories.

Define suppository. Give merits & demerits.

Define suppository. Give any four ideal properties of suppository bases.
5
5 Marks

Short note- Methods of compounding of suppositories.**
10 Marks

Define and classify suppositories. Classify suppositories bases. Explain in detail method
of compounding and add note on suppository bases.*
Ligatures & Sutures
2 Marks

What are suture & ligature?***

Give any two quality control tests for catgut.*

Enlist various quality control tests for catgut.
5 Marks

Short note: Processing & mfg. of catgut.
10 Marks

Define suture & ligature. Explain in detail about quality control tests of catgut.
Monophasic Liquid Dosage Forms
2 Marks

Define: Gargles and elixir.

Define solutions. Give advantages and disadvantages.*

Give advantages & disadvantages of Monophasic liquids.

Define: elixir & linctuses.

Define: syrup & elixir.*

What is concentration of sugar in syrup. Explain in short about syrup.

Give the difference between lotion & liniment.
5 Marks

Short note: Syrups*

Define syrup. Write a note on compounding method of syrup.**
10 Marks

Define suture & ligature. Explain in detail about quality control tests of catgut.
6
Powders & Granules
2 Marks

What are powders? Classify them with suitable examples.

What do you mean by divided & built powder?

Define powder. Give its advantages.*
5 Marks

Short note: Effervescent granules.*

Define Non- Effervescent granules and explain wet granulation techniques in short.
Introduction to Pharmacopoeias
2 Marks

Expand the abbreviations BPC, BP, lP, USP.
5 Marks

Write Short note: IP*

Conclusion Note:

Hope B-Pharmacy 1st Year Pharmaceutics Important Questions for Internal & External Examination (2marks) helped you. All the questions from the beginning to the end are for both B pharma and M pharmacy. You need to study all the questions in this article while you prepare for your examination. Stay tuned so that you can find all the answers for these questions. We will surely help you. Leave us a comment below if this article found useful for you and if you need answers for these questions.

Pharmaceutical Jobs & Prospects of MNC Companies in Major Cities of India

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Pharmaceutical Jobs & Prospects of MNC Companies in Major Cities of India

Today we will discuss different Pharmaceutical Jobs & varied Prospects of MNC Companies in Major Cities of India to hire pharma graduate and post graduates in different parts of the country.

Pharmaceutical Companies in India is a quickly growing business in the nation and India position among the top five pharmaceutical markets in the world. India’s pharmaceutical segment ranks third globally in terms of volume. The pharmaceuticals industry looks set for solid long-term growth and thus there will be a need for resources for the MNC companies and those giants which are teaming up internationally. In terms of revenue, it already ranks fourteenth in the global league table. However, PwC estimates that it will rise to approximately US$50 billion by 2020 – a 163% in the space of eleven years in their report, Pharma 2020: The vision.

The trade of pharmaceutical goods in India gave a home to the small biotechnology industry, based largely in Karnataka, with other clusters of activity in West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, Kerala and Ahmedabad. The leading domestic players include Serum Institute of India, which focuses on immuno-biologicals and vaccines. Biocon concentrates on recombinant DNA technologies, bioprocesses, fermentation-based small molecules and enzymes while Panacea Biotec specialises in novel drug delivery techniques and pharmacogenomics.

Big Pharmaceutical companies are well aware of India’s importance. Many of them who have been sourcing products from Indian manufacturers for some years started setting up their own production facilities. Based in Thane, near Mumbai, the generics arm of Novartis, Sandoz, has two manufacturing plants and a research centre for developing formulations and processes. Pfizer also operates a manufacturing base in Thane. GSK has facilities based in Mumbai and Nashik. On the other hand, in Bangalore Apotex has a research centre and manufacturing plant and Teva has an R&D centre in Greater Noida that bought a manufacturing operation in Uttar Pradesh in 2003. The major pharmaceutical manufacturing clusters in the country are based out of man cities of India including Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Goa. The bulk drug clusters are located primarily in Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Mumbai, Aurangabad, Pune, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mysore, Bangalore, and Visakhapatnam (Vizag). Mid-tier global pharma companies are present as well – Watson Pharma, Lonza, Eisai Pharmaceuticals, Ethypharm and Astellas all have a manufacturing or research facilities in India. The pharmaceutical hubs offer investment opportunities in the production of API or bulk drugs, biosimilars, vaccines, nutraceuticals, as well as food and drug testing and contract research.

Pharmaceutical Jobs & Prospects of MNC Companies in Major Cities of India

In 2008-09, the sector generated sales of US$2.64 billion representing a CAGR of 26%, but both the federal and state governments have been actively promoting biotech research initiatives and are targeting revenues of US$5 billion by 2010 -11. While urban markets will remain the focus in the near future, also getting treatment out to the 70% of the population residing outside of these areas represents the next volume drivers.

Kukatpally Hyderabad Pharmaceutical Companies List – Address & Contact Number

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Kukatpally Hyderabad Pharmaceutical Companies List - Address & Contact Number`


In the Indian state of Telangana, Kukatpally is a suburb of Hyderabad. It is the headquarters of Kukatpally North Zone in Malkajgiri. Due to the reformation of the districts of Telangana, Kukatpally belongs to the revenue division of Medchal-Malkajgiri district. Previously, Kukatpally served just as an industrial corridor in the north-western part of Hyderabad. One of the busiest business hubs in Hyderabad, Kukatpally is now famous for its clothing and eateries. The road connectivity and easy proximity to the Information Technology hub of Hitech city resulted in plenty of IT people sustaining there because of the IT sector.

There are many small scale industries based in Kukatpally, Medchal-Malkajgiri district. Among all the industries present, Pharmacy is one of the thriving sectors that the Kukatpally people are dependent on. In the past, all the Kukatpally pharma companies belonged to Rangareddy sect of Hyderabad. Kukatpally pharma companies mostly consist of corporate and registered offices, API plants, R&D centres, manufacturers and all types of plants. With the help of their skilled workforce and well-developed facility, the companies offer quality bound products to the clients.

Kukatpally Hyderabad Pharmaceutical Companies

To name some of the pharma companies including all the categories would be

Yeluri Pharmaceuticals,

Vigilare Bio-Pharma,

Thexa Pharma,

Sprectrum pharma Research solutions,

Rasula Pharmaceuticals,

Nosch Lab Pvt.Ltd,

Lee Pharma, and

Bio-soft Research Pvt. Ltd,

Aurex Lab, Astrica Lab,

Airis Pharma Pvt Ltd.

Bio-Pharma, Thexa Pharma,

Sprectrum pharma Research solutions,

Rasula Pharmaceuticals, Nosch Lab Pvt.Ltd, Lee Pharma, and Bio-soft Research Pvt. Ltd, Aurex Lab, Astrica Lab, Airis Pharma Pvt Ltd.

Kukatpally Pharmaceutical Companies Address

Ravoos Laboratories Ltd
H.NO:5-35/234/4, Plot No: 6,Mythri Nagar, IDA, Kukatpally,
(040) 23720661
City : Hyderabad
Pharmaceuticals/ BioTech/ Research
500072

Yeluri Formulations Pvt Ltd
3rd Floor, Avm Towers, Kukatpally, Hyderabad – 500072, Beside Shiva Parvathi Theatre, Opposite Kphb Colony
www.yeluri.net

Virupaksha Laboratories Pvt Ltd
Plot No. F-7, I.D.A. Kukatpally, Gandhinagar Hyderabad

Indu Drugs
www.indudrugs.com
Door No 5-35/278 & 279, Kukatpally, Hyderabad – 500072, IDA, Prashant Nagar

Invitro Biotech Ltd
NO.177, Prasanth Nagar Industrial Area, Kukatpally
040-23075768
www.invitbio.com

Lindstrom India Hyderabad
Plot No. 5, Survey no’s 716/A,719,720,721,&721/AOpposite IDPL company, Mumbai Highway,
Kukatpally 500037 Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Tel. +91 40 2387 3456
Tel. +91 40 6455 3457 – 58
Telangana 6455 3457 – 58
Telangana

Kukatpally Hyderabad Pharmaceutical Companies List - Address & Contact Number`

Manufacturing companies in Kukatpally Hyderabad Address

Helix Molecules Private Limited
listing Kukatpally, Hyderabad
Spansules Pharmatech Private Limited
G – 3, P No – 59, Sri Venkateswara Towers,
Bhagyanagar Colony, St No – 4, Kukatpally, Opp Kphb, Hyderabad-500037

Cipla Limited
04023075811
Kukatpally, Hyderabad

Validus Drugs And Pharmaceuticals Private Limited
Flat No 504, Surya Teja Apartments,
Kphb Colony, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-50007

Mailan Laboratorys Limited
Plat 1 & 2, 4th Flr, Near V K School,
Seshadree Nagar, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500072

Sumac Pharma Private Limited
5 – 35/175, Prashanti Nagar,
Kukatpally,Aammess,Opp Canara Bank, Hyderabad-500072

Louis Pharmaceutical Private Limited
3/A, 1st Floor, Global Enclave,
Jaya Nagar Colony, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500072

Spansules Pharmatech Private Limited
G – 3, P No – 59, Sri Venkateswara Towers,
Bhagyanagar Colony, St No – 4, Kukatpally, Opp Kphb, Hyderabad-500037

The transport system of Kukatpally connects the Mumbai national highway and Kukatpally Housing board (the largest residential colony hub in Asia). The presence of this route has led the retailers to invest in large scale retail activities, which is why Kukatpally has the largest number of residential apartments in Hyderabad. People settle there for smooth working life and strong economical opportunities. The commercial boom gave rise to several malls coming up in this area. At present times, after the division of Telangana districts, Kukatpally is a bursting commercial hub in the north-western part of Hyderabad. Also, Kukatpally owns the famous Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. Overall, the Kukatpally region has a good prospect of trade and commerce for living.