Storage Temperature on Label – Freeze Cold Cool Dry Label Storage Temperature

July 26, 2020July 29, 2019 by Renee

Hello buddies. Pharmawiki.in here with another amazing and most important article “Storage Temperature on Label – Freeze Cold Cool Dry Label Storage Temperature” for all the pharma students pharmacists and any one who is into pharmaceutical field. This article not only helps pharma people but also the general public as we see these terms daily on all the pharmaceutical products we use. Specifically today we are talking about storage temperature on the label. These temperatures and definitions will also help you in many competitive and entrance examinations like GPAT Pharmacist exam, Drug Inspector examination. Then why delay just jump into the points straight away.

Storage Temperature and Humidity

Specific directions are stated in some monographs with respect to the temperatures and humidity at which official articles shall be stored and distributed (including the shipment of articles to the consumer) when stability data indicate that storage and distribution at a lower or a higher temperature and a higher humidity produce undesirable results. Such directions apply except where the label on an article states a different storage temperature on the basis of stability studies of that particular formulation. Where no specific storage directions or limitations are provided in the individual monograph, but the label of an article states a storage temperature that is based on stability studies of that particular formulation, such labeled storage directions apply. ) The conditions are defined by the following terms.

Freezer

“Freezer” indicates a place in which the temperature is maintained thermostatically between −25° and −10° (−13° and 14°F).

Cold

Any temperature not exceeding 8° (46°F) is “cold.” A “refrigerator” is a cold place in which the temperature is maintained thermostatically between 2° and 8° (36° and 46°F).

Cool

Any temperature between 8° and 15° (46° and 59°F) is “cool.” An article for which storage in a cool place is directed may, alternatively, be stored and distributed in a refrigerator, unless otherwise specified by
the individual monograph.

Controlled Cold Temperature

“Controlled cold temperature” is defined as temperature maintained thermostatically between 2° and 8° (36° and 46°F), that allows for excursions in temperature between 0° and 15° (32° and 59°F) that may be experienced during storage, shipping, and distribution such that the allowable calculated mean kinetic temperature is not more than 8° (46°F). Transient spikes up to 25° (77°F) may be permitted if the manufacturer so instructs and provided that such spikes do not exceed 24 hours unless supported by stability data or the manufacturer instructs otherwise.

Room Temperature

“Room temperature” indicates the temperature prevailing in a working area.

Controlled Room Temperature

“Controlled room temperature” indicates a temperature maintained thermostatically that encompasses the usual and customary working environment of 20° to 25° (68° to 77°F); that results in a mean kinetic temperature calculated to be not more than 25°; and that allows for excursions between 15° and 30° (59° and 86°F) that are experienced in pharmacies, hospitals, and warehouses. Provided the mean kinetic temperature remains in the allowed range, transient spikes up to 40° are permitted as long as they do not exceed 24 hours. Spikes above 40° may be permitted if the manufacturer so instructs. Articles may be labeled for storage at “controlled room temperature” or at “up to 25°”, or USP Pharmacists’ Pharmacopeia

General Notices other wording based on the same mean kinetic temperature. The mean kinetic temperature is a calculated value that may be used as an isothermal storage temperature that simulates the nonisothermal effects of storage temperature variations. An article for which storage at controlled room temperature is directed may, alternatively, be stored and distributed in a cool place, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph or on the label.

Warm

Any temperature between 30° and 40° (86° and 104°F) is “warm.”

Excessive Heat

“Excessive heat” means any temperature above 40° (104°F).

Protection From Freezing

Where, in addition to the risk of breakage of the container, freezing subjects an article to loss of strength or potency, or to destructive alteration of its characteristics, the container label bears an appropriate instruction to protect the article from freezing.

Dry Place

The term “dry place” denotes a place that does not exceed 40% average relative humidity at Controlled Room Temperature or the equivalent water vapor pressure at other temperatures. The determination may be made by direct measurement at the place or may be based on reported climatic conditions. Determination is based on not less than 12 equally spaced measurements that encompass either a season, a year, or, where recorded data demonstrate, the storage period of the article. There may be values of up to 45% relative humidity provided that the average value is 40% relative humidity. Storage in a container validated to protect the article from moisture vapor, including storage in bulk, is considered storage in a dry place.

I hope this Storage Temperature on Label – Freeze Cold Cool Dry Label Storage Temperature article helped you. You need to know the definitions of these exactly to know where to store your medicines.

HOW TO FILL AN OMR ANSWER SHEET – UPSC APPSC GPAT Exams

July 26, 2020July 24, 2019 by Renee

Tod we will discuss HOW TO FILL AN OMR ANSWER SHEET in the recent examinations. All the public service commissions and other government private and entrance examination are likely to follow the same pattern of OMR marking answering system for the evaluation. I think this is the best evaluation and one need to be very careful while filling up the form. So, We thought to publish an article on your favorite pharmawiki.in to help all the students and other aspirants to have a safe practice while attempting your examinations.

HOW TO FILL AN OMR ANSWER SHEET – UPSC APPSC GPAT Exams

First let us start with a picture of Sample OMR sheet. Have a look at it keenly.

Sample OMR Sheet

INSTRUCTIONS for filling OMR Sheet

Fill boxes in BLUE/BLACK ball point pen only.

Darken the circles by BLUE/BLACK ball point pen only.

Do not write anything else on this OMR sheet.

Darken the circles only like this.

Roll Number

EXAMPLE:
IF YOUR ROLL NO IS “06393”
YOU MUST DARKEN AS SHOWN BELOW

SET CODE IS “D”

IF YOUR QUESTION SET CODE IS “D”
YOU MUST DARKEN AS SHOWN BELOW

DATE OF BIRTH

IF YOUR DATE OF BIRTH IS 06/05/1997
YOU MUST DARKEN AS SHOWN BELOW

This is another important section for you to concentrate and do the work. You need to fill the bubble with right date of birth if not you may be out as it can be a reason for your disqualification in the examination you are giving right now for your better career prospects. So be careful while filling your entire OMR sheet.

IMPORTANT POINTS :
1. “SET CODE” -AS MENTIONED IN THE QUESTION PAPER.
2. 5 (FIVE) DIGIT WRITTEN ROLL NUMBER -AS MENTIONED IN PERFORMANCE -CUM-IDENTITY CARD
3. DATE OF BIRTH – As mentioned in the application form

I hope our article “HOW TO FILL AN OMR ANSWER SHEET – UPSC APPSC GPAT Exams” helped you to a small extent before you take up any offline competitive exams. This is a small guide to the instructions for filling the omr sheet without any mistake as our exams are very important to us. All the best my friends and I wish you all the very best for all your future endeavors. May God Bless.

NAPLEX FPGEE OSPAP KAPS PEBC Pharmacist Exam Quick Revision #1 Pharmacology Guide

July 26, 2020July 22, 2019 by Renee

Here Pharmawiki is presenting last day revision for all the aspirants of different pharmacist examinations like NAPLEX FPGEE OSPAP KAPS PEBC Pharmacist Exam. You can consider it as a Quick Revision on Pharmacology subject which will help you to qualify and score well in these examinations. This tiny Guide will surely help you to assess your exam preparation level.

NAPLEX FPGEE OSPAP KAPS PEBC Exam Quick Revision

1. venous ulcer treatment >
exclude arteriopathy (eg ABPI), control
oedema, prevent infection, compression bandaging.
2. Cushings – Diagnosis: 24hr urinary free cortisol. Addisons >
short synacthen.
3. Rash on buttocks – Dermatitis herpetiformis (coeliac dx).
4. AF with TIA >
Warfarin. Just TIA’s with no AF >
Aspirin
5. Herpes encephalitis >
temporal lobe calicification OR temporoparietal
attentuation – subacute onset i.e. Several days.
6. Obese woman, papilloedema/headache >
Benign Intercanial
Hypertention.
7. Drug induced pneumonitis >
methotrexate or amiodarone.
8. chest discomfort and dysphagia >
achalasia.
9. foreign travel, macpap rash/flu like illnes >
HIV acute.
10. cause of gout >
dec urinary excretion.
11. bullae on hands and fragule SKIN torn by minor trauma >
porphyria
cutanea tarda.
12. Splenectomy >
need pneumococcal vaccine AT LEAST 2 weeks preop
and for life.
13. primary hrperparathyroidism >
high Ca, normal/low PO4, normal/high
PTH (in elderly).
14. middle aged man with KNEE arthritis >
gonococcal sepsis (older
people >
Staph).
15. sarcoidosis, erythema nodosum, arthropathy >
Loffgrens syndrome
benign, no Rx needed.
16. TREMOR postural,slow progression,titubation, relieved by OH>
benign
essential TREMOR AutDom. (MS – titbation, PD – no titubation)
17. electrolytes disturbance causing confusion – low/high Na.

FPGEE | National Association of Boards of Pharmacy

18. contraindications lung Surgery >
FEV dec bp 130/90, Ace inhibitors (if
proteinuria analgesic induced headache.
21. 1.5 cm difference btwn kidneys >
Renal artery stenosis >
Magnetic
resonance angiogram.
22. temporal tenderness>
temporal arteritis >
steroids > 90% ischaemic
neuropathy, 10% retinal art occlusion.
23. severe retroorbital, daily headache, lacrimation >
cluster headache.
24. pemphigus – involves mouth (mucus membranes), pemphigoid – less
serious NOT mucosa.
25. diagnosis of polyuria >
water deprivation test, then DDAVP.
26. insulinoma >
24 hr supervised fasting hypoglycaemia.
27. Diabetes Random >7 or if >6 OGTT (75g) >
>11.1 also seen in HCT.
28. causes of villous atrophy: coeliac (lymphocytic infiltrate), Whipples , dec
Ig, lymphoma, trop sprue (rx tetracycline).
29. diarrhoea, bronchospasm, flushing, tricuspid stenosis >
gut carcinoid c
liver mets.
3/5/2017 MRCP part 1
https://www.facebook.com/groups/51506029930/permalink/10155082909759931/ 2/5
30. hepatitis B with general deterioration >
hepaocellular carcinoma.
31. albumin normal, total protein high >
myeloma (hypercalcaemia,
electrophoresis).
32. HBSag positive, HB DNA not detectable >
chornic carier.
33. Inf MI, artery invlived >
Right coronary artert.

NAPLEX Exam guide

34. Aut dom conditions: Achondroplasia, Ehler Danlos, FAP, FAMILIAL
hyperchol,Gilberts, Huntington’s, Marfans’s, NFT I/II, Most porphyrias,
tuberous sclerosis, vWD, PeutzJeghers.
35. X linked: Beck/Duch musc dyst, alports, Fragile X, G6PD, Haemophilia
A/B.
36. Loud S1: MS, hyperdynamic, short PR. Soft S1: immobile MS, MR.
37. Loud S2: hypertension, AS. Fixed split: ASD. Opening snap: MOBILE
MS, severe near S2.
38. HOCM/MVP inc
by standing, dec by squating (inc all others). HOCM
inc by valsalva, decs all others. Sudden death athlete, FH, Rx.
Amiodarone, ICD.
39. MVP sudden worsening post MI. Harsh systolic murmur radites to
axilla.
40. Dilated Cardiomyopathy: OH, bp, thiamine/selenium deficiency, MD,
cocksackie/HIV, preg, doxorubicin, infiltration (HCT, sarcoid), tachycardia.
41. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: sclerodermma, amyloid, sarcoid, HCT,
glycogen storage, Gauchers, fibrosis, hypereosinophilia Lofflers,
caracinoid, malignancy, radiotherapy, toxins.
42. Tumor compressing Respiratory tract >
investigation: flow volume
loop.
43. Guillan Barre syndrome: check VITAL CAPACITY.
44. Horners – sweating lost in upper face only – lesion proximal to common
carotid artery.
45. Internuclear opthalmoplegia: medial longitudinal fasciculus connects
CN nucleus 34.
Ipsilateral adduction palsy, contralateral nystagmus. Aide
memoire (TRIES TO YANK THE ipsilateral BAD eye ACROSS THE nose ).
Convergence retraction nystagmus, but convergence reflex is normal.
Causes: MS, SLE, Miller fisher, overdose(barb, phenytoin, TCA), Wernicke.
46. Progressive Supranuclear palsy: Steel Richardson. Absent voluntary
downward gaze, normal dolls eye . i.e. Occulomotor nuclei intact,
supranuclear Pathology .

The Knowledge Assessment of Pharmaceutical Sciences (KAPS) Exam

47. Perinauds syndrome: dorsal midbrain syndrome, damaged midrain and
superior colliculus: impaired upgaze (cf PSNP), lid retraction, convergence
preserved. Causes: pineal tumor, stroke, hydrocephalus, MS.
48. demetia, gait abnormaily, urinary incontinence. Absent papilloedema>
Normal pressure hydrocephalus.
49. acute red eye >
acute closed angle glaucoma >> less common (ant
uveitis, scleritis, episcleritis, subconjuntival haemmorrhage).
50. wheeles, URTICARIA , drug induced >
aspirin.
3/5/2017 MRCP part 1
https://www.facebook.com/groups/51506029930/permalink/10155082909759931/ 3/5
51. sweats and weight gain >
insulinoma.
52. diagnostic test for asthma >
morning dip in PEFR >20%.
53. Causes of SIADH : chest/cerebral/pancreas Pathology , porphyria,
malignancy, Drugs (carbamazepine, chlorpropamide, clofibrate,
atipsychotics, NSAIDs, rifampicin, opiates)
54. Causes of Diabetes Insipidus: Cranial: tumor, infiltration, trauma
Nephrogenic: Lithium, amphoteracin, domeclocycline, prologed
hypercalcaemia/hypornatraemia, FAMILIAL X linked type
55. bisphosphonates:inhibit osteoclast activity, prevent steroid incduced
osteoperosis (vitamin D also).
56.returned from airline flight, TIA>
paradoxical embolus do TOE.
57. alcoholic, given glucose develops nystagmus >
B1 deficiency
(wernickes). Confabulation>
korsakoff.
58. monoartropathy
with thiazide >
gout (neg birefringence). NO
ALLOPURINOL for acute.
59. painful 3rd nerve palsy >
posterior communicating artery aneurysm till
proven otherwise
60 late complication of scleroderma >
pumonaryhypertention plus/minus
fibrosis.
61. causes of erythema mutliforme: lamotrigine
62. vomiting, abdominal pain, hypothyroidism >
Addisonian crisis (TFT
typically abnormal in this setting DO NOT give thyroxine).
63. mouth/genital ulcers and oligarthritis >
behcets (also eye /SKIN
lesions, DVT)
64. mixed drug overdose most important step >
Nacetylcysteine (time
dependent prognosis)
65. cavernous sinus syndrome 3rd
nerve palsy, proptosis, periorbital
swlling, conj injectn
66. asymetric parkinsons >
likely to be idiopathic
67. Obese, NIDDM female with abnormal LFT’s >
NASH (nonalcoholic
steatotic hepatitis)
68. fluctuating level of conciousness in elderly plus/minus deterioration >
chronic subdural. Can last even longer than 6 months
69. Sensitivity >
TP/(TP plus FN) e.g. For SLE ANA
highly sens,
dsDNA:highly specific
70. RR is 8%. NNT is >
100/8 >
50/4 >
25/2 >
13.5

Australian Pharmacy Council

71. ipsilateral ataxia, Horners, contralateral loss pain/temp >
PICA stroke
(lateral medulary syndrome of Wallenburg)
72. renal stones (80% calcium, 10% uric acid, 5% ammonium (proteus),
3% other). Uric acid and cyteine stone are radioluscent.
73. hyperprolactinaemia (allactorrohea, amenorrohea, low FSH/LH) >
Da
antags (metoclopramide, chlorpromazine, cimetidine NOT TCA’s),
pregnancy, PCOS, pit tumor/microadenoma, stress.
74. Distal, asymetric arthropathy >
PSORIASIS
3/5/2017 MRCP part 1
https://www.facebook.com/groups/51506029930/permalink/10155082909759931/ 4/5
75. episodic headache with tachycardia >
phaeochromocytoma
76. very raised WCC >
ALWAYS think of leukaemia.

OSPAP qualification

77. Diagnosis of CLL >
immunophenotyping NOT cytogenetics, NOT
bone marrow
78. Prognostic factors for AML >
bm karyotype (good/poor/standard) >>
WCC at diagnosis.
79. pancytopenia with raised MCV >
check B12/folate first (other causes
possble, but do this FIRST). Often associayed with phenytoin use >
decreased folate
80. miscariage, DVT, stroke >
LUPUS anticoagulant >
lifelong
anticoagulation
81. Hb elevated, dec ESR >
polycythaemua (2ndry if paO2 low)
82. anosmia, delayed puberty >
Kallmans syndrome (hypogonadotrophic
hypogonadism)
83. diag of PKD >
renal US even if think anorexia nervosa
85. commonest finding in G6PD hamolysis >
haumoglobinuria
86. mitral stenosis: loud S1 (soft s1 if severe), opening snap.. Immobile
valve >
no snap.

PEBC Guide to Pharmacist

87. Flank pain, urinalysis:blood, protein >
renal vein thrombosis. Causes:
nephrotic syndrome, RCC, amyloid, acute pyelonephritis, SLE
(atiphospholipid syndrome which is recurrent thrombosis, fetal loss, dec plt.
Usual cause of cns manifestations assoc with LUPUS ancoagulant,
anticardiolipin ab)
88. anaemia in the elderly assume GI malignancy
89. hypothermia, acute renal failure >
rhabdomyolysis (collapse assumed)
90. pain, numbness lateral upper thigh >
meralgia paraesthesia (lat
cutaneous nerve compression usally by by ing ligament)
91. diagnosis of haemochromatosis: screen with Ferritin, confirm by
tranferrin saturation, genotyping. If nondiagnostic do liver biopsy 0.3%
mortality
92. 40 mg hidrocortisone divided doses (bd) >
10 mg prednisolone (ie.
Prednislone is x4 stronger)
93. BTS: TB guidlines – close contacts >
Heaf test >
positive CXR,
negative >
repeat Heaf in 6 weeks. Isolation not required.
94. Diptheria >
exudative pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, cardio and neuro
toxicity.
95. Indurated plaques on cheeks, scarring alopecia, hyperkeratosis over
hair follicles >>
Discoid LUPUS
96. wt loss, malabsoption, inc ALP >
pancreatic cancer
97. foreign travel, tender RUQ, raised ALP >
liver abscess do U/S
98. wt loss, anaemia (macro/micro), no obvious cause >
coeliac (diarrhoea
does NOT have to be present)
99. haematuria, proteinuria, best investigation >
if glomerulonephritis
suspected >
renal biopsy

100. Acromegaly – Diagnosis: OGTT followed by GH conc.
101. Malaria, incubation within 3/12. can be relapsing /remitting. Vivax and
Ovale (West Africa) longer imcubation.
102. Fever, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytosis, pharygitis >
EBV >
heterophile antibodies
103. GI bleed after endovascular AAA Surgery >
aortoenteric fistula

LABELING -Pharmaceutical Labeling Requirements Theory PPT PDF

July 26, 2020July 17, 2019 by Renee

Labeling:

The term “labeling” designates all labels and other written, printed, or graphic matter upon an immediate container of an article or upon, or in, any package or wrapper in which it is enclosed, except any outer shipping container.

Labeling?

The term “label” designates that part of the labeling upon the immediate container. A shipping container containing a single article, unless such container is also essentially the immediate container or the outside of the consumer package, is labeled with a minimum of product identification (except for controlled articles), lot number, expiration date, and conditions for storage and distribution. Articles in these compendia are subject to compliance with such labeling requirements as may be promulgated by governmental bodies in addition to the compendial requirements set forth for the articles.

Label: Amount of Ingredient Per Dosage Unit:

The strength of a drug product is expressed on the container label in terms of micrograms or milligrams or grams or percentage of the therapeutically active moiety or drug substance, whichever form is used in the title, unless otherwise indicated in an individual monograph. Both the active moiety and drug substance names and their equivalent amounts are then provided in the labeling. Official articles in capsule, tablet, or other unit dosage form shall be labeled to express the quantity of each active ingredient or recognized nutrient contained in each such unit; except that, in the case of unit-dose oral solutions or suspensions, whether supplied as liquid preparations or as liquid preparations that are constituted from solids upon addition of a designated volume of a specific diluent, the label shall express the quantity of each active ingredient or recognized nutrient delivered under the conditions prescribed in Deliverable Volume 〈698〉. Official drug products not in unit dosage form shall be labeled to express the quantity of each active ingredient in each milliliter or in each gram, or to express the percentage of each such ingredient (see 8.140., Percentage Concentrations), except that oral liquids or solids intended to be constituted to yield oral liquids may, alternatively, be labeled in terms of each 5-mL portion of the liquid or resulting liquid. Unless otherwise indicated in a monograph or chapter, such declarations of strength or quantity shall be stated only in metric units.

Labeling: Use of Leading and Terminal Zeros

To help minimize the possibility of errors in the dispensing and administration of drugs, the quantity of active ingredient when expressed in whole numbers shall be shown without a decimal point that is followed by a terminal zero (e.g., express as 4 mg [not 4.0 mg]). The quantity of active ingredient when expressed as a decimal number smaller than 1 shall be shown with a zero preceding the decimal point (e.g., express as 0.2 mg [not .2 mg]).

Labeling of Salts of Drugs

It is an established principle that official articles shall have only one official title. For purposes of saving space on labels, and because chemical symbols for the most common inorganic salts of drugs are well known to practitioners as synonymous with the written forms, the following alternatives are permitted in labeling official articles that are salts: HCl for hydrochloride; HBr for hydrobromide; Na for sodium; and K for potassium. The symbols Na and K are intended for use in abbreviating names of the salts of organic acids, but these symbols are not used where the word Sodium or Potassium appears at the beginning of an official title (e.g., Phenobarbital Na is acceptable, but Na Salicylate is not to be written).

Labeling Vitamin-Containing Products

The vitamin content of an official drug product shall be stated on the label in metric units per dosage unit. The amounts of vitamins A, D, and E may be stated also in USP Units. Quantities of vitamin A declared in metric units refer to the equivalent amounts of retinol (vitamin A alcohol). The label of a nutritional supplement shall bear an identifying lot number, control number, or batch number. 10.40.50. Labeling Botanical-Containing Products The label of an herb or other botanical intended for use as a dietary supplement bears the statement, “If you are pregnant or nursing a baby, seek the advice of a health professional before using this

Labeling Parenteral and Topical Preparations

The label of a preparation intended for parenteral or topical use states the names of all added substances (see 5.20., Added Substances, Excipients, and Ingredients and see Labeling under Injections 〈1〉), and, in the case of parenteral preparations, also their amounts or proportions, except that for substances added for adjustment of pH or to achieve isotonicity, the label may indicate only their presence and the reason for their addition.

Labeling Electrolytes:

The concentration and dosage of electrolytes for replacement therapy (e.g., sodium chloride or potassium chloride) shall be stated on the label in milliequivalents (mEq). The label of the product shall indicate also the quantity of ingredient(s) in terms of weight or percentage concentration.

Labeling Alcohol:

The content of alcohol in a liquid preparation shall be stated on the label as a percentage (v/v) of C2H5OH.

Symbols Commonly Employed for SI Metric Unit

Symbols commonly employed for SI metric units and other units
are as follows:
Bq = becquerel dL = deciliter
kBq = kilobecquerel L = liter
MBq = megabecquerel mL = milliliterc
GBq = gigabecquerel μL = microliter
Ci = curie Eq = gram-equivalent weight
mCi = millicurie mEq = milliequivalent
μCi = microcurie mol = gram-molecular weight (mole)
nCi = nanocurie Da = dalton (relative molecular mass)
Gy = gray mmol = millimole
mGy = milligray Osmol = osmole
m = meter mOsmol = milliosmole
dm = decimeter Hz = hertz
cm = centimeter kHz = kilohertz
mm = millimeter MHz = megahertz
μm = micrometer (0.001mm) V = volts
nm = nanometera MeV = million electron volts
kg = kilogram keV = kilo-electron volt
g = gram mV = millivolt
mg = milligram psi = pounds per square inch
μg; mcg = microgramb Pa = pascal
ng = nanogram kPa = kilopascal
pg = pictogram g = gravity (in centrifugation)
fg = femtogram
a Previously the symbol mμ (for millimicron) was used.
b One milliliter (mL) is used herein as the equivalent of one cubic centimeter (cc).
c The symbol μg is used in the USP and NF to represent micrograms, but micrograms
may be represented as “mcg” for labeling and prescribing purposes. The term
“gamma,” symbolized by γ, frequently is used to represent micrograms in biochemical
literature

Pharmacodynamics – Dose Response relationship- Terms Definitions PDF

July 26, 2020July 2, 2019 by Renee

Pharmacodynamics. We exactly know what pharmacodynamics is. It involves how the drugs act on target cells to alter cellular function. Let us discuss Dose Response relationship in this article. The exact relationship between the dose and the response depends on the biological object under observation and the drug employed is called Dose Response relationship.

Dose Response relationship

When a logarithm of dose as abscissa and responses as ordinate are constructed graphically, the “S” shaped or sigmoid type curve is obtained.
The lowest concentration of a drug that elicits a response is minimal dose, and the largest concentration after which further increase in concentration will not change the response is the maximal dose.

1. Graded dose effect:

As the dose administered to a single subject or tissue increases, the pharmacological response also increases in graded fashion up to ceiling effect.
– It is used for characterization of the action of drugs. The concentration that is required to produce 50 % of the maximum effect is termed as EC50 or ED50.

2. Quantal dose effect:

It is all or none response, the sensitive objects give response to small doses of a drug while some will be resistant and need very large doses. The quantal dose effect curve is often characterized by stating the median effective dose and the median lethal dose.

Median lethal dose or LD50:

This is the dose (mg/kg), which would be expected to kill one half of a population of the same species and strain.

Median effective dose or ED50:

This is the dose (mg/kg), which produces a desired response in 50 per cent of test population.

Therapeutic index:

It is an approximate assessment of the safety of the drug. It is the ratio of the median lethal dose and the median effective dose. Also called as therapeutic window or safety.
Herapeutic index (T. I) = The larger the therapeutic index, the safer is the drug.

Penicillin has a very high therapeutic index, while it is much smaller for the digitalis preparation.

D. Structural activity relationship
The activity of a drug is intimately related to its chemical structure. Knowledge about the chemical structure of a drug is useful for:
(i) Synthesis of new compounds with more specific actions and fewer adverse
reactions
(ii) Synthesis of competitive antagonist and
(iii) Understanding the mechanism of drug action.
Slight modification of structure of the compound can change the effect completely.

Download the pdf of this article here to read:

Pharmacodynamics – Dose Response relationship- Terms Definitions PDF

These are few very important terms you need to understand in pharmacodynamics.

Hope you like the article. Please share your views comments and doubts in the comments section. We ,love to hear from you and help you.

Formulation Equipment List – Pharmaceutical Formulation Machinery PDF

July 26, 2020May 5, 2019 by Renee

In pharmaceuticals, formulation (or dosage form) refers to the creation of a structure such as a capsule, a pill, tablet, or an emulsion, prepared according to a specific procedure or “formula”. Competently designed formulations for particular applications are safer, more effective, and more economical than any of their components used singly. There are a range of automated and semi-automated machines and equipment that can assist in the highest quality formulation of pharmaceuticals.

The pharmaceutical industry has the most precise requirements and manufacturing guidelines in terms of quality. As a result, it is critical that pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment comply with good manufacturing practice (GMP). Pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment includes a wide variety of equipment, such as capsule filling machines, x-ray inspection systems, and spray drying accessories. In order to ensure precise manufacturing and formulation development, almost every process can be automated. As a result, there is a piece of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment involved in every step.

PDF Formulation Equipment List

Pharmaceutical Formulation Machinery

Economic tablet press
Single rotary tablet press
Laboratory capsule filler for liquid solutions
Automatic capsule filler for liquid solutions
Automatic laboratory capsule filler
Contained capsule filler
High-yield capsule filler
Automatic tablet coater for lab scale
Tablet auto coater for lab scale
Microencapsulation system for your drug delivery system
Waste minimization weight sorter for tablets & capsules
High capacity weight sorter for tablets & capsules
Major Formulation Equipment
Homogenizer
Filler
Vector FLM-1 and FLM-3
fluid bed processors
High Shear Granulator
Planetary Mixer
High shear granulator/blender
V blenders:
Single station tablet press
Instrumented sixteen station tablet press (“B” Tooling)
Benchtop encapsulation machines (2 pc. Hard-shell)
Various semiautomatic compression and encapsulation machines
Various granulation and compounding equipment
Capsule Sealer & Capsule Printer
Perforated coating pans (15″, 19″, 24″ & 36″)
Dome extruder
spheronizer
Comil
Wurster columns
Conventional coating pan

Today’s technology has much improved with the advancement of time. Science has provided us with different ways in order to motivate our life and get the best out of it. A revolution has also taken place in terms of manufacturing and processing machinery as well. Over the last decade things seems to have change drastically and has provides us with a new horizon of opportunities that we can boost with and help our life grow bigger and better over the coming days. Manufacturing and processing machinery today has greatly changed over the course of time and most have touch different avenues and left a mark for itself to carry on with. Today we are going to discussed about some of the formulation and processing machinery and next articles we see how it has changed human life.

Pharma Machinery Manufacturers in Navi Mumbai Bombay – Pharmaceutical Instruments

July 26, 2020April 4, 2019 by Renee

Pharma Machinery Manufacturers in Navi Mumbai

Pharma machinery manufacturing has always been one of the primary priorities of many well known and well trusted companies especially those who are from India. This trend has given rise to more and more companies to join the league due to its immense profitability and trade scopes. Today we will be looking at some of the reputed Pharma machinery manufacturing companies from Navi Mumbai and try to throw a light on their working capabilities, activities and background.

R P PRODUCTS PHARMA EQUIPMENTS PVT. LTD.

This company from Navi Mumbai started its journey in the year 1986 holding the hand of it’s proprietor R.G. Patwardhan. Within a short time span the company managed to earn a name of trust for itself with its standardized quality and heavy potentiality of its manufactured goods. There are different types of machines that RP product work into and some of them are Vibro Shifter, Turbo shifter cum multimill, tablet deduster, RP grip, drain traps, scoops, pillar type bin bender, jacketed paste kettle, pallet truck and the list is a long one. Serving globally, this company has really made a mark in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in a very short time indeed.

ACCURA PHARMAQUIP PVT. LTD.

Accura today presents itself as one of the most reputed Pharma machine manufacturing companies from Navi Mumbai, India. The company has years of expertise in this working avenue since it was started in the year 1978. Since then it has never looked back and has been prompting its name around India and outside India by its quality production and years of experience on the backdrop. Accura Pharmaquip specializes in making Tablet and capsule inspection machine, tablet and capsule elevator, SS pallets, Die and Punch Cabinet Vertical, Label counting, Die and Punch Cabinet Horizontal and other heavy ISO certified machinery as well.

GEM PHARMA machinery

Gem Pharma machinery is another company that is added to this list of Pharma machinery manufacturing from Navi Mumbai, India. They from their inception day boots about their quality product and have always dealt seriously with it. Over the years they have manufactured machines that have high working capabilities and are durable in nature. They have perfect expertise in producing some of the best Pharma manufacturing machines that includes mixing vessels, Paste kettle, auto capsule loader, dust extractor, Vibro shifter, Contra rotatary, Capsule filling line, ointment manufacturing plant, Mechanical shifter, cream manufacturing plant, and lotion manufacturing plant. They have a vision and mission of serving with quality when it comes to be being consistent in the business.

IMPERIAL PHARMACHINES PVT LTD

Imperial Pharmachines Pvt. Ltd is a well trusted brand that is well known for its pharmaceutical manufacturing machinery and dealing and developing different other machinery from high to low range. They have a repute of providing quality machinery with huge capabilities of productivity. The product list involves special tools, R&D Press, Single rotatory tablet press, High Speed Mega Press, De-Dusters and dust collector, Siefter, Granulator/RMG, blender of different size, coating equipments, auto punch polisher, roll compactor, high speed mega press, Double rotatory tablet press, high speed mega press, Computerized tool inspection machine, ltrasonic Punch & Die Cleaning Machine, Fluid Bed Dryer/Processor and the list is really a long one. Today the Imperial Pharmachines stands tall as one of the best in the business that has its origin from Navi Mumbai.

Thus we see that there are so many quality based Pharma machinery manufacturers in Navi Mumbai that truly have the expertise of producing some of the best machines in the business with quality and productivity.

List of Medical Laboratory Equipment | Lab Supplies | Clinical Pharma Lab Devices

July 26, 2020March 28, 2019 by Renee

In this article we deal with the list of Medical Laboratory Equipment and all lab supplies and Instruments. Clinical Laboratory Devices are also included in the list. Pharmaceutical equipment always play a vital part in production of the pharmaceutical products. There are wide range of products that are involved with this process from big to small, light to heavy, semi-automated to fully automated, metal to steel and of different shapes and sizes. Today we try to list up some of the most important of the pharmaceutical equipment that are generally used in the production unit.

List of Medical Laboratory Equipment

The list is as follows below:

Blood Pressure Systems/Blood Pressure Monitor
Capnograph/Capnography Monitor
Lab Animal Exercise / Walking System
Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia System
Physiological Monitor
Cryogenic Shippers / Cryoshipper
Laboratory Refrigerator Freezer
Liquid Nitrogen Canister / Liquid Nitrogen Dewar
Liquid Nitrogen Freezer / LN2 Freezers
Minus 20 freezer (-20C to -40C Freezers)
Minus 80 Freezer (-86 Freezer)
Plasma Freezer / Blood Bank Freezer
Tissue Freezer
Ultra Low Temperature Freezer (ULT Freezers)
Laboratory Animal Monitoring
Forensic Workstation / Forensic Hood
Laboratory Freeze Dryer
Laboratory Hoods
Cage Changing Hoods
Cell Processing Work Station
Glove Boxes
IVF Workstation
Laboratory Fume Hoods
Laminar Flow Hoods / Biological Safety Cabinets
PCR Workstation / PCR Cabinet
Reverse Flow Workstations
Laboratory Incubators
CO2 Incubator / Cell Culture Incubator
Dual Polarization Interferometer
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)
Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging (SPR Imaging)
Blood Chemistry Analyzer / Blood Analyzers
Albumin Analyzers (Albumin Testing)
Automated Blood Gas Systems
Automatic Biochemistry Analyzer / Automated Biochemical Analyzer
Blood Bank Automation System / Automated Blood Bank System
Blood Gas Analyzers
Blood Lactate Analyzer / Blood Lactate Testing Equipment
Chemistry Analyzer / Clinical Chemistry Analyzers
External Quality Assessment (EQA)
HbA1c Analyzer / Haemoglobin Analyzer
Haematology Analyzers
Haemostasis Analyzer
Immunoassay Analyzer
Immunoassay System
Immunochemistry Analyzer
Laboratory Blood Glucose Analyzers
Cell Counters / Colony Counters
Automated Cell Counter
Bacterial Colony Counters
Colony Counting Apparatus
Disintegration Tester / Disintegration Apparatus
Dissolution Apparatus / Dissolution Tester
Dissolution Sampler / Dissolution Sampling System
Dissolved CO2 Meter / Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Analyzer
Cell Disruptor
Cell Harvesting System
Off-gel Fractionators/ Off-gel Electrophoresis System
UV Trans-illuminator
CO2 Transmitter / Carbon Dioxide Transmitter
Colony Picker
ADME-Tox Screening System
Amino Acid Analysis System / Amino Acid Analysis Instruments
Automated Hit Picking Systems
Automated Proteomics Workcell
Bio molecular Interaction Analysis
Automated Bio molecular Interaction Analyzer
Electrophoresis Analysis
Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument
Digital Gel Photography System / Gel Image Capture System
Electrophoresis Power Supply
Gel Electrophoresis Instrument
Flow Cytometry
Automated Flow Cytometry System
Flow Cytometer
Friability Tester / Friability Test Apparatus
Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC MS Instrument)
Gas Chromatography Equipment
Gas Chromatograph / GC System (GC Instruments)
Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC MS Instrument)
GC / GC MS Software
GC Auto-sampler / GC Headspace Auto-sampler
GC Fraction Collector
GC Gas Regulators / High Purity Gas Regulator
Multidimensional Gas Chromatography (MDGC / GCxGC)
Portable GC MS
Glass Bead Autoclave
Glass Bead Sterilization / Laboratory Glass Bead Sterilizer
Hyper-spectral Image Analysis
Chemical Imaging Systems (NIR / Raman)
Hyper-spectral Camera / Hyper-spectral Imaging Systems
Immuno-blotting Equipment
Blot Strip Cutter
Cryogenic Refrigerator / Cryofreezer
Animal Pulse Oximeters
Animal Temperature Probe
Animal Ventilator
Animal Warmers
Cryogenic Refrigerator
Animal Pulse Oximeters

RRB Pharmacist AGE LIMIT – RRB 2019 Paramedical Job Exam Age Details

July 26, 2020March 26, 2019 by Renee

Today here we want to discuss the AGE LIMIT for RRB Pharmacist and other para medical posts released recently.
Date of birth of candidates should be between the dates given in the notification with both dates inclusive. Lower age limit that means not born after that date and Upper age limit with Date of Birth not earlier than the given. The lower and upper age limits indicated for a particular post(s) in the vacancy table will be reckoned as on 01.07.2019.

RRB Pharmacist AGE LIMIT – RRB 2019 Paramedical Job Exam Age Details for sc st obc ur

However, the relaxation in upper age limit/maximum upper age for the following categories/communities is
given in the table below subject to submission of requisite certificates.

For all communities/ categories) UR/EWS OBC-NCL SC/ST
1 18-30 01.07.2001 02.07.1989 02.07.1986 02.07.1984
2 18-35 01.07.2001 02.07.1984 02.07.1981 02.07.1979
3 18-33 01.07.2001 02.07.1986 02.07.1983 02.07.1981
4 19-33 01.07.2000 02.07.1986 02.07.1983 02.07.1981
5 20-33 01.07.1999 02.07.1986 02.07.1983 02.07.1981
6 20-35 01.07.1999 02.07.1984 02.07.1981 02.07.1979
7 20-40 01.07.1999 02.07.1979 02.07.1976 02.07.1974
8 21-40 01.07.1998 02.07.1979 02.07.1976 02.07.1974
9 22-35 01.07.1997 02.07.1984 02.07.1981 02.07.1979
Community/Categories Community Age relaxation Details

OBC-Non Creamy Layer 3 years of age relaxation
SC/ST 5 years of age relaxation
Ex-Servicemen candidates who have put in more than 6 months service after attestation
UR Upper age limit as mentioned in the respective posts plus community age relaxation wherever applicable plus Number of years of service rendered in
Defence plus 3 years
OBC- NCL (Non Creamy Layer)
SC/ST
Persons with Benchmark Disabilities
(PwBD)
UR 10 Years
OBC- NCL (Non Creamy Layer) 13 Years of age relaxation
SC/ST 15 Years
Candidates ordinarily been domiciled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from 01.01.1980 to
31.12.1989
UR Upper age limit plus community age relaxation wherever applicable plus 5 years
OBC- NCL (Non Creamy Layer)
SC/ST
Candidates who are serving Group ‘C’ and Group ‘D’ Railway Staff, CasualLabour and Substitutes and put in
minimum of 3 years service (continuous or in broken spells)
UR 40 Years of age
OBC- NCL (Non Creamy Layer) 43 Years of age
SC/ST 45 Years of age
Candidates who are working in Quasi-Administrative offices of the Railway organization such as Railway
Canteens, Co-operative Societies and Institutes
UR Upto the length of service rendered or 5 years, whichever is lower plus community age relaxation wherever applicable
OBC- NCL (Non Creamy Layer)
SC/ST
Women candidates, who are widowed, divorced or judicially separated from husband but not
remarried.
UR 35 Years of age
OBC- NCL (Non Creamy Layer) 38 Years of age
SC/ST 40 Years of age
If a candidate is eligible for relaxation of age on more than one ground, he/she would be accorded the highest of the age relaxations for which he/she is eligible.
No age relaxation is allowed to SC/ST/OBC-NCL (Non Creamy Layer) candidates applying against unreserved vacancies.
PwBD candidates applying against UR vacancies will be allowed age relaxation applicable for UR PwBD only. If a candidate is eligible for relaxation of age on more than one ground, he/she would be accorded the highest of the age relaxation for which he/she is eligible

Conclusion Note:

Candidates should note that the date of birth filled in this application should be same as recorded in the Matriculation/SSLC/Xth Class or an equivalent certificate. No subsequent request for its change will be
considered.

Pharma Universities in Melbourne MS Pharmacy Australia

July 26, 2020March 18, 2019 by Renee

Pharma universities in Melbourne Melbourne is one of the most primary and well known places in Australia. Melbourne stands as the coastal capital of the southeastern Australian state of Victoria. The city has developed highly and flourished well in terms of availability of various requirements of social life that includes plazas, restaurants, bars, universities, schools, colleges and the list is endless. It truly depicts the cultural heritage of the people living in Australia. Since founded on 30 August 1835, this city has developed itself to a greater extend. To this it has been found that some of Australia’s most well established and more prominent schools, colleges and Universities are based here. Today we try to look at this aspect in a bit detail in relation to some of the best prominent Pharma Universities.

Pharma being one of the most important fields of learning, there are many Universities in Melbourne which helps Pharma student to get their Pharma degree easily. Basically these Universities allow those who are willing to do their Bachelor’s, master or PhD on a particular subject. One of such University available in Melbourne is University of Melbourne. It helps student to obtain their Bachelor’s degree as well as complete their Master in Pharma. It has got high repute and is considered to be one of the finest Universities in Australia providing first class learning experience for the students especially when in consideration of studying pharmacy. Next is the Monash University, Clayton Campus. This is considered to be one of the finest in imparting pharmacy education to the students after Melbourne University. It has got one of the finest batches of teachers who impart education of international standards making them to stands apart from rest. The curriculum in relation to Pharma is excellent and covers wide range of the subject from an overall point of view. It is the second oldest university in the state of Victoria. This University four campuses in Australia and one found in Malaysia. Then there is the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. This campus is purely dedicated to the students of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. This University purely deals with education in relation to Pharmacy, pharmaceutical and area of concern in relation to this.

Pharma Universities in Melbourne MS Pharmacy Australia

Other than those mentioned here, there are different other Universities in Melbourne which provides the scope for the students to their higher studies in relation to Pharma and dedicate their life to this profession. The most important aspect in relation to this is that most of the Universities have proper curriculum and study materials with learned faculties which maintains a healthy yet a streamline form of education in relation to Pharma and other related field of study.

Pharma is definitely a subject that needs more and more attention and the Universities of Melbourne are working hard for the betterment and improvement of this field of Science. These Universities maintains a strict curriculum and provides world class curriculum in relation to Pharma. Here the University allows only students who are willing to do their Bachelor’s or Masters’ degrees. The amount need to joint the course is very minimal and anybody fulfilling the specific criteria of the University in concern can take up Pharma as a field of study.

According to statistics obtained from different sources, the average pay for a Pharmacist in Australia is AU$32.59 per hour and the average pay for a Pharmacist is around AU$67,960 per year. Thus anybody who wants to take Pharmacy as a career living in Australia and does not know where to start from, then Melbourne can be the best place to start with.