Free Medical Books For You – Free Pharmaceutical Books For You

July 26, 2020February 11, 2019 by Renee

Free Medical Books For You

When you are a student in the medical stream you not just have to love reading but have to learn the concepts well and not memorizing the words. Physicians say, “If you want to graduate from medical school, there are two rules: Don’t fall behind and don’t fall in love.” Studying medicine would need your stubborn patience. Mostly the books recommended from the medical school books are huge textbooks that one finds difficult to finish, even if medical school was extended to six years. Reading in clinical practice is important as it relates to clinical competencies including patient care, medical knowledge and practice-based learning. Majority of students report problems with reading. The main problem has been an unclear source to read about their patients. This can be attributed to the lack of students’ skills to search and find the proper information needed. This issue if enhanced in the first year of medical school the students’ would become to be self-learners and know how to make use of the available learning resources.

In a questionnaire for fifth-year students, King Saud University College of Medicine, 76%reported reading for an average of 4.3(SD 5) (median three hours per week, range zero to 35 hours per week). The most commonly used resources are pocketbooks and medical textbooks. Students spend a sufficient amount of time reading medical pocketbooks and lecture handouts with less time spend on online sources. Students need to be advised to use the update online sources more frequent. Spending more time reading maximizes the efficiency and performances during the clinical rotations.

Below are some links where you can get some collection of medical books in soft copy version:-

http://www.freebooks4doctors.com/

http://medicalbooksfree.com/

Folder link–> Anatomy – Google Drive

Authors

1–> KLM for Gross Anatomy

2–> Snell’s Anatomy

3–> BD Churassia

4–> RJ Last

5–> Grey’s Anatomy

6–> Langman Embryology

7–> KLM for Embryology

8–> BD for General Anatomy

9–> Dissector

10–> Di Fore Histology

11–> Junqueira’s Histology

12–> Netter Atlas of human Anatomy

Folder link–> Physiology – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Guyton

2–> Ganong

3–> Sheerwood

4–> Sembulingam

Folder link–> Biochemistry – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Harper

2–> Lippincott

3–> Chatterjea

4–> Satyanarayan

5–> Stryer

6–> MRS Biochemistry

Folder link–> Pathology – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Big Robins

2–> Medium Robins

3–> Pathoma

4–> Goljan

5–> Harsh Mohan Pathology

6–> Atlas of Histopathology

7–> Levinson

8–> MRS microbiology

9–> Microbiology by Jacquelyn G. Black

10–> Color Atlas of Microbiology

11–> Kaplan Pathology

Folder link–> Pharmacology – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Big Katzung

2–> Mini Katzung

3–> Kaplan Review

4–> Lippincott

5–> Pocket Katzung

6–> Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology

7–> Atlas of Pharmacology

Folder link–> Forensic Medicine – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Simpson’s Forensics

2–> Krishan’s Forensics

3–> Atlas of Autopsy

4–> Atlas of Forensic Medicine

Folder link–> Eye – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Jogi

2–> Jatoi

3–> Parson’s Textbook of Eye

4–> Kanski

5–> AK Khurana

6–> Atlas of ophthalmology

Folder link–> ENT – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Dhingra

2–> Logans Turner

3–> Color Atlas of Otorhinolaryngology

4–> Maqbool’s Text Book of ENT

5–> Clinical Methods in ENT by PT Wakode

6–> ENT at a Glance

Folder link–> Community Medicine – Google Drive

Authors

1–> Monica’s Text Book Community Medicine

2–> Mahajan And Gupta Text Book of Community Medicine

3–> Bancroft’s Text Book of Community Medicine

When you study, focus on studying. Take your book, some earplugs, some paper, a pen, and take notes on what you’re trying to learn. Writing things out helps you remember concepts. All the other distractions make it harder for you to concentrate on learning. Don’t take your phone with you, or take it and pull the battery out of it. Subjects like anatomy and pharmacology include memorizing relationships. Remember, medical school is about drinking a vast amount of information efficiently. You can’t do that with a textbook. There’s a big difference between “book sense” and “common sense.” You need both to succeed.

Proud To Be Pharmacist Quotes – Motivational Best pharmacist Quotes

July 26, 2020February 9, 2019 by Renee

Being a Pharmacist is not easy as it looks. This challenging and demanding job needs loads and loads of experience and toiling hard everyday to achieve success. Thus being a pharmacist people took immense pride and as a result there are thousands and thousands of quotes that depicts how proud they are of their profession. Most of the quotes available do sketch the importance of how a Pharmacist works under immense pressure day and night and what a challenging role he has to face in dealing with its profession. It really gives a glimpse of the professional does and don’ts in many ways. Few of them comes in a funny backdrop with a real expression insight whereas some are pretty much straight forward and serious.

Proud To Be Pharmacist Quotes – Motivational Best pharmacist Quotes

Few of the quotes truly gives a vibes of what are the reasons for which this professionals should be getting love and respect from us due to the huge effort they put in to help us fight with diseases and issues while other offers thanks and gratitude for the services that a pharmacist provides to the generally masses. All in all these quotes basically portray the nature of the trade and issues related to it.

Proud To Be Pharmacist Quotes

From the point of view of a common man, we must truly remain indebted to a pharmacist for the services he renders to us as one mistake of him can simply cost our life or prove to be immensely fatal. Proud to be a pharmacist quotes truly brings the best of the pharmacy professions. Most of them are truly hilarious and often make us burst into laughter, others are of serious mood and does contain an inner meaning that remains on the base. “Proud to be a pharmacist quotes” are something worth reading and enjoying.

Is It Easy To Get Pass Marks In B. Pharmacy? D Pharmacy ? M Pharmacy

July 26, 2020February 6, 2019 by Renee

Is It Easy To Get Pass Marks In B. Pharmacy?

Well, this question is to be answered in terms of relativity. This is because there is no benchmark of inference to conclude. To some, it may appear easy to some it may appear hard. Actually, in a broader sense, we can say that no course is easy or tough if you are willing to study it. Therefore to get pass marks would not be a matter of concern for you. In your formative years, if you have had good teachers, then you can develop interest. If you harbour an interest in a particular subject then it becomes easy for you. Mainly students having an inclination towards B group of science join the pharmacy stream. On this note, subjects such as remedial mathematics; biostatistics can be hard for some. Since it covers almost every field in science we can say it is one of the toughest courses. The ultimatum depends on someone’s hard work, dedication. The one who studies with passion can earn good marks and earning pass marks won’t be tough job for them. In fact, the teachers opine that it is somewhat difficult to fail in B. Pharmacy course. But if you are thinking that can you get pass marks by studying subjects of B. Pharmacy just prior exams, then the answer would undoubtedly be “No”. If you assume ‘easy’ means lesser portion, then also the answer would be no. It is a vast course with lengthy subjects.

Is It Easy To Get Pass Marks In B. Pharmacy? D Pharmacy

Now according to the norms of the B. Pharmacy education in India, the criteria of a passing candidate are as follows:-

To pass the examination in any subject, minimum passing for any component (head) is 40%, subject to the condition of 50% aggregate requirement for semester passing.
Grade in each subject will be calculated based on the summation of marks obtained under each head of the examination of Sessional Theory, External Theory, Sessional Practical and External Practical. Theory and practical component of the same course shall be considered as a separate head.
If a candidate gets more than or equals 50% marks in all heads of the subject it is considered as pass.
If a student gets 40% in some heads/subjects but the aggregate is more than 50% than also student will be passed.
If student aggregate is less than 50% but more than 40% in all heads, then overall semester result is failed. The student has to reappear in the exam to improve aggregate. The candidate can take the remedial exam in the subject with grade (CC/CD). One can take maximum subjects of three and fresh score will always be considered as the latest one.

Pharmacy Faculty / Lecturer Job Opportunities in Hyderabad | Pharma Colleges

July 26, 2020February 5, 2019 by Renee

Lecturer Job Opportunities in Hyderabad : A career as a lecturer requires a graduate-level education, subject-area expertise and the desire to share knowledge. They teach academic or career topics to students pursuing college or university degrees. Hyderabad the name sounds historical though but now with the time, it has evolved into an industrial hub and home to many. It is such a place that offers various kinds of opportunities in education, jobs and business. In this article, we are going to discuss the jobs related to lectureships and its scope in this state. What and how to start and where to go, if you have these questions in mind then please go through the content.

Lecturers are required to be subject-area experts because they need to have solid insight on specific subjects of teaching and calls for up gradation along with the time. Few lecturers fulfill this requirement by conducting original research as part of a postdoctoral fellowship. Publishing original research in professional journals within the fellowship provides a solid body of work in a subject area. The criteria for becoming a lecturer in private colleges require a Master’s degree and a first-class doctoral degree or have a valid NET/SET score for the govt. or central govt. college based on the discipline. Besides these, the experience of teaching, work experience in the specific field; research and publication gets priority while hiring. The key skills needed are research, critical thinking, communication, writing, and computer skills; knowledge of classroom management with no age bar in most cases.

Pharmacy Faculty Jobs in Hyderabad

The All India Status of Higher Education (AISHE) report reveals that | Hyderabad occupies the third highest number of colleges in the country. It clocks the third position leaving behind only Bengaluru and Jaipur. As per the annual report, Hyderabad has 487 colleges covering over 90% of colleges those are private unaided colleges. Majority of them offer under-graduate general courses included nursing, agriculture and engineering courses. The districts of Rangareddy have 395 colleges and Nalgonda has 289 coming fifth and tenth respectively. Guntur district occupied the eighth spot with 309 colleges. Thus, it is quite obvious that many opportunities can emerge throughout the region for the lecturer jobs.

How to Start Apollo Pharmacy Franchise Setup in India? Procedure Documents Licence

July 26, 2020January 24, 2019 by Renee

Apollo Pharmacy Franchise Setup in India :Apollo Pharmacy is a division of Chennai-based major healthcare Apollo Hospitals Enterprises Ltd. With India’s first and largest branded pharmacy network with more than 740 key locations outlets, it is accredited with International Quality Qualification offering genuine medicines with 24 hours of service. Apollo Pharmacy VP Atul Ahuja said it would add 250 outlets every year and that it has grown between 30 to 35 per cent every year. The company had a turnover of 1,150 cores in the last financial year. He mentioned that it is feasible to have home delivery of medicines, but the law of the land says that the dispensing of the medicines have to be done by the qualified pharmacists. He further said dispensing has become a critical aspect in the pharmacy retail chain business, which includes transportation, warehousing in proper cold environment and distribution, which are managed at the back end.

Why franchising Apollo Pharmacy?

Franchising is witnessing a consistent demand from the metros and other cities. If you are really interested to own this franchise, you have to gain insight into the franchise setup of the pharmacy. On one hand, as the owner of an independent business, you leverage your entrepreneurial capabilities while working with a nationally recognized brand like Apollo minimizes your risks. On the other hand, all the knowledge and expertise required to successfully run the business is ensured from the pharmacy end. The entire work of supply chain management right from procuring to warehousing and sale at outlets is done by an experienced pharmacist. Every business oriented person is aware of the great possibilities of facing problems in his career. In spite of knowing this, every businessman takes the risk because he has the courage that he can eventually resolve them and he also knows the rewards awaiting him after that. The bright side of working under the canopy of a large organization would be over-emphasized and is huge in India.

Franchise Benefits

The Apollo Pharmacy franchise has more to share about franchising considering some basic matters first before proceeding to the requirements. As a franchisee of Apollo Pharmacy, you definitely become the gainer. Check out how you can be?

The biggest benefit you are going to get while you own a pharmacy franchise is the great discount of the products from the wholesalers.
Better access to the newest technologies and access to approved new drugs, partnerships with the biomedical distributors and major medical and more exposure of your business through various advertising.
Being a part of Apollo Clinics network spreading across the Asian sub-continent, you will be able to offer world-class services without consuming your fortune.
You will have access to years of healthcare domain knowledge and expertise. You can achieve your business goals with the help of Apollo Pharmacy franchise’s essential guidelines and information about the pharmacy and anything about franchising also.

How do I get Apollo pharmacy franchise?

The very first step in the business process all franchising companies and franchisee take generally is, filling out the application forms and agreement. The most vital requirement is the financial investment along with the other qualifications. When it is fulfilled you can proceed to the final step which the training. It is done on hands and sometimes with orientation. The company is supposed to provide sufficient training to know everything inside and outside of the pharmacy.

Strategies you should implement as an Apollo pharmacy franchise

To any of the franchise, the Apollo Pharmacy is generous enough to share its core strategies on how to manage your pharmacy carefully. Usually, you will learn more about its strategies during your actual training. You have to implement those to really boom your setup but yes it’s also not that you really have to take every detail they share to you. The successful businessman doesn’t depend on everything to the strategy of the mother company and therefore you must also combine your own ways to keep your business expanding. Use and gather knowledge, detect your limitations and of the company as well your personal strengths and weaknesses to plan beforehand of every action you take. Remember that you will be opinionated judged still it is important to listen to your own voice as long as you are sure of the outcome no matter what others tell you.

Achlorhydria Treatment Causes Symptoms PPT PDF – www.pharmawiki.in

July 26, 2020January 21, 2019 by Renee

Achlorhydria indicates the inability to produce gastric acid (i.e., hydrochloric acid [HCl]), even after stimulation with secretagogues (e.g., pentagastrin [gastrin analogue], histamine, betazole [histamine analogue], or a meal). Serum gastrin is a marker for gastric acid output. A decrease in gastric acid interrupts a negative feedback pathway controlling gastrin secretion, and leads to elevated serum gastrin levels (hypergastrinaemia

Achlorhydria Causes:

The cause of achlorhydria in first case may be subtotal gastrectomy, atrophic gastritis, carcinoma, gastric polyp etc while in later case it may be chronic nephritis, tuberculosis, hyperthyroidism, chronic alcoholism, sprue, pellagra etc. The symptoms vary with associated disease but they generally include mild diarrhoea or frequent bowl movement, epigastric pain and sensitivity to spicy food. Achlorhydria can be treated by various acidifying agents like ammonium chloride, dilute HCl, Calcium chloride etc.

Types of achlorhydria:

The pH of stomach is 1.5 -2 when empty and rises to pH 5-6 when food is ingested. The pH of stomach is so low because of the secretion of HCl. Gastric HCl act by destroying the bacteria in the ingested food and drinks. It softens the fibrous food and promotes the formation of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin. This enzyme is formed from pepsinogen at acidic pH (>6). Pepsin helps in the metabolism of proteins in the ingested food. Therefore lack of HCl in the stomach can cause Achlorhydria.

Two types of achlorhydria are known:

1) where the gastric secretion is devoid of HCl, even after stimulation with histamine phosphate
2) where gastric secretion is devoid of HCl, but secreted upon stimulation with histamine phosphate.

Treatment of Achlorhydria:

Dilute Hydrochloric Acid HCl M.W 36.5 I.P. Limit: It contains not less than 9.5% and not more than 10.5% w/w of HCl. The acid should be diluted with 25-50 volumes with water or juice and sipped through a glass tube to prevent reaction upon dental enamel.

The cause of your achlorhydria will determine your treatment path. For instance, if chronic use of PPIs were how you developed this condition, the first step your doctor may take is to stop having you take these medications, and possibly H2 blockers as well. If an autoimmune disorder is to blame, steps could be taken to get that condition in line. Basically, there is not one set treatment option, but your doctor will know what treatments fit with your version of achlorhydria.

Proton-pump inhibitor

amoxicillin

clarithromycin

metronidazole
levofloxacin

bismuth

Symptoms of achlorhydria:

Achlorhydria can increase your risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. Without stomach acids, the body will have issues absorbing iron.

Other vitamins and minerals such a calcium, folic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin D also rely on adequate stomach acid for their absorption into the digestive tract.

If diagnosed with achlorhydria, doctors often check for anemia. Other achlorhydria symptoms can include:

abdominal bloating
indigestion
nausea
acid reflux
digestive issues
diarrhea
weak, brittle nails
hair loss
undigested food in stools

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Quintiles Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions – Accenture Jobs

July 26, 2020January 16, 2019 by Renee

Pharmacovigilance is the booming career option for all the pharmacy graduates in India. Both B Pharmacy and M pharmacy students can apply for this post. Interview for pharmacovigilance is the key selecting process for selecting right candidate for the post. Then what about Interview questions and answers? Pharmacovigilance interview questions are the important things you need to know before you apply for the post.

Here our blog has decided to provide pharmacovigilance interview questions and answers for freshers pdf download for our beloved B Pharm Students. You can get here cognizant pharmacovigilance interview questions, quintiles pharmacovigilance interview questions, pharmacovigilance interview questions in tcs, accenture pharmacovigilance interview questions. Specifically you can read pharmacovigilance technical round questions, pharmacovigilance quiz questions, pharmacovigilance exam questions from this post.

For pharmacovigilance interview HR round which is simple one has to tell about himself and must have a valid registration as a pharmacist or any other healthcare professional such as doctor or nurse, follow by a telephonic round where they judge spoken English and then a technical round about pharmacovigilance.

Quintiles. Quintiles is the worlds largest Contract Research Organizaiton(CRO) where it mainly focuses on clinical trials phase 2-4.

Recently They recruited large number of people in bangalore for different departments like Clinical Data Management, pharmacovigilnace,clinical trial analyst.

Package: starting to hand you will get around 14-16k.

How to Apply: many of candidates applied from the naukri and they got response from the quintlies and you may apply from different sources also like hr mail id or through direct company portal site.

Quintiles Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions – Accenture Jobs

Tip to get interview call or Response for your Resume:

1)first make sure that your sending mail id should not be funny like if like this hr will get bad impression by looking at your name of the mail id itself .so make sure that your mail should be little professional.

2)prepare your resume in well manner spend more time on preparing in resume don’t send your old resumes .your resume should be relevant to the work position to which you are applying for. for example if you send all the equipment handling details and your industrial project experience that may not require for them so along with above skills put your computer skills and about your clinical knowledge also.

If Resume shortlisted: If your resume selected for the interview hr will call you and ask you about yourself and your education background ,about where you are staying , about your work interests and they will tell you interview date and venue to attend.

Round 1: written test: English aptitude and maths logical and reasoning bits 45 , all are multiple choice bits.(test will be on paper not online mostly)

Tips to face this round:English bits:prepositions,vocabulary,jumbling words etc

logical:simple calculations ,i prefer you practice English and logical bits

Round 2: After the written test they will evaluate your papers in one or two hour.

if you are qualified in the written test you will be having hr round where we can expect common hr questions like

1)tell me about yourself

2)why should i hire you?

3)why you want to join in our company?

4)what you know about our company?

Tips to face this round:Be confident while answering and prepare for these questions and practise before interview if this is your first interview. 90%they will send you for the next Technical round.

Round 3: Technical :This is the last round where you will have more chances to eliminate but through proper preparation its easy to face.

mostly questions they ask:

1)Adverse events

2)Adverse effects

3)what is pharmacovigilance

4)what is the work we do in pharmacogivilance

5) is it important pharmacovigialnce

6)drug regulatory authorities

7)pharmacovigilance terminology,case studies.

8)some important drugs pharmacological and mechanism of action.

9)Tell what to inquire when a patient calls in with a adverse event.

10) Age, gender, concomitant medications, medical history, duration of AE, dose of medication

Interview Questions

Tell what to inquire when a patient calls in with a adverse event.

age, gender, concomitant medications, medical history, duration of AE, dose of medication

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This interview process is only for pharmacoviglance in quintlies other departmnts like CDM process may vary.

Anemia Causes| Types | Symptoms | Diet | Diagnosis || Treatment

July 26, 2020January 13, 2019 by Renee

Today we discuss Anemia Causes Types Symptoms Diet Diagnosis Treatment here in this article. Anemia is the condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced. In the anemia the total number of RBCs decreases so indirectly decreases the oxygen level so decrease the production of ATP and energy.

Causes of Anemia:

The main causes of anemia are:

1. Blood loss
2. Lack of red blood cell production
3. High rates of red blood cell destruction

Blood Loss

Blood loss is the most common cause of anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia.
Blood loss can be short term or persist over time.
Heavy menstrual periods or bleeding in the digestive or urinary tract can cause blood loss. Surgery, trauma, or cancer also can cause blood loss.
If a lot of blood is lost, the body may lose enough red blood cells to cause anemia.

Lack of Red Blood Cell Production

Both acquired and inherited conditions and factors can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. “Acquired” means you aren’t born with the condition, but you develop it. “Inherited” means your parents passed the gene for the condition on to you.
Acquired conditions and factors that can lead to anemia include poor diet, abnormal hormone levels, some chronic (ongoing) diseases, and pregnancy.
Aplastic anemia also can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. This condition can be acquired or inherited.

Diet

A diet that lacks iron, folic acid (folate), or vitamin B12 can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. Your body also needs small amounts of vitamin C, riboflavin, and copper to make red blood cells.
Conditions that make it hard for your body to absorb nutrients also can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells.

Hormones

Our body needs the hormone erythropoietin (eh-rith-ro-POY-eh-tin) to make red blood cells. This hormone stimulates the bone marrow to make these cells. A low level of this
hormone can lead to anemia.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of ANEMIA:

Common symptoms of anemia:

• fatigue

• light

headedness

• decreased energy

• palpitations (feeling of the heart wearing or beating irregularly and

• shortness of breath

• looking

Symptoms of severe anemia may include:

• chest pain angina or

• fainting

• dizziness

• rapid heart rate.
Anemia Causes| Types | Symptoms | Diet | Diagnosis || Treatment
Some of the signs that may indicate anemia in an individual may include:
• Change in stool color including black and tarry stools (sticky and foul smelling), maroon-colored, or visibly bloody stools if the anemia is due to blood loss through the gastrointestinal tract;

• rapid heart rate;

• low blood pressure

• rapid breathing;

• pale or skin;

• yellow skin called jaundice is due to red blood cell breakdown;

• heart murmur;

• enlargement of the spleen with certain causes of anemia.

TYPES OF ANEMIA:

CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE SIZE OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS:

a) Microcytic anemia:

If the red blood cells are smaller than normal, this is called microcytic anemia. The major causes of this type are iron deficiency (low level iron) anemia and thalassemia (inherited disorders of hemoglobin).

b) Normocytic anemia

If the red blood cells size are normal in size (but low in number), this is called normocytic anemia, such as anemia that accompanies chronic disease or anemia related to kidney disease.

c) Macrocytic anemia

If red blood cells are larger than normal, then it is called macrocytic anemia. Major causes of this type are pernicious anemia and anemia related to alcoholism.

Sickle cell Anemia – Treatment Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Genetics

July 26, 2020January 9, 2019 by Renee

Sickle cell disease is an important genetic cause of hemolytic anemia, a form of anemia due to increased erythrocyte destruction, instead of the reduced mature erythrocyte production seen with iron, folic acid, and vitamin B 12 deficiency. Patients with sickle cell disease are homozygous for the aberrant β-hemoglobin S (HbS) allele or heterozygous for HbS and a second mutated β-hemoglobin gene such as hemoglobin C ( HbC ) or β-thalassemia. Sickle cell disease has an increased prevalence in individuals of African descent because the heterozygous trait confers resistance to malaria. In the majority of patients with sickle cell disease, anemia is not the major problem; the anemia is generally well compensated even though such individuals have a chronically low hematocrit (20–30%), a low serum hemoglobin level (7–10 g/dL), and an elevated reticulocyte count. Instead, the primary problem is that deoxygenated HbS chains form polymeric structures that dramatically change erythrocyte shape, reduce deformability, and elicit membrane permeability changes that further promote hemoglobin polymerization. Abnormal erythrocytes aggregate in the microvasculature—where oxygen tension is low and hemoglobin is deoxygenated—and cause veno-occlusive damage. The clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease reflect organ damage by veno-occlusive events. In the musculoskeletal system, this results in characteristic, extremely painful bone and joint pain. In the cerebral vascular system, it causes ischemic stroke. Damage to the spleen increases the risk of infection, particularly by encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae . In the pulmonary system, there is an increased risk of infection and, in adults, an increase in embolism and pulmonary hypertension. Supportive treatment includes analgesics, antibiotics, pneumococcal vaccination, and blood transfusions. In addition, the cancer chemotherapeutic drug hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) reduces veno-occlusive events. It is approved in the United States for treatment of adults with recurrent sickle cell crises and approved in Europe in adults and children with recurrent vaso-occlusive events. As an anticancer drug used in the treatment of chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia, hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and thereby depletes deoxynucleoside triphosphate and arrests cells in the S phase of the cell cycle (see Chapter 54 ). In the treatment of sickle cell disease, hydroxyurea acts through poorly defined pathways to increase the production of fetal hemoglobin γ (HbF), which interferes with the polymerization of HbS. Clinical trials have shown that hydroxyurea decreases painful crises in adults and children with severe sickle cell disease. Its adverse effects include hematopoietic depression, gastrointestinal effects, and teratogenicity in pregnant women.

World SICKLE CELL Day – DATE JUNE 19TH

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:

The term sickle cell disease encompasses a variety of hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell anemia, sickle Hb C (SC) disease, & sickle cell thalassemia. Although the clinical presentations of all are often similar, the manifestations of sickle cell are more severe & so mainly considered.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:

Hb is distinguished as Hb A1, HbA2, Hb C, Hb F & Hb S of which Hb A1, Hb A2 & Hb F are normal. Hb A1 – a tetramer consist 2 pairs of globin chains α & β. Substitution of valine for glutamic acid in both the β chains. Each parent contributes a single β chain gene, the heterozygous genotype AS is also possible & is expressed as the sickle cell trait phenotype.

Deoxygenation in capillaries induces rapid polymerization of the sickling Hb, Hb S & results in formation of helical strands of parallel fibres.

The elongated, crescent shaped cells characteristic of sickle cell anemia are so produced. The affected erythrocytes are rigid & unable to pass through the microvasculature. Vasooclusion with subsequent painful ischemia & chronic organ damage.

Sickling is reversible upon reexposure to oxygen, however repeated sickling episodes eventually damage the cell membrane.

The rate of Hb polymerization depends on its concentration in the erythrocyte. The co polymerization of Hb S with Hb F inhibits further polymer growth ; intracellular Hb F concentrations are inversely correlated with severity of disease.

Sicke cell anemia symptoms & clinical presentations:

– Impaired growth & development – Increased risk of infection viz meningitis, pneumonia, septicemia Hematologic – Hemolytic anemia – Aplastic crises – Splenic sequestration crises Vasoocclusive : 1. Cardiovascular: – Cardiac enlargement – Priapism – Renal insufficiency Painful crises – Systolic murmur 7. Pulmonary: 4. Neurologic : – Acute chest syndrome 2. GI: – Autosplenecetomy – Gallstones / cholecystitis – Cerebral thrombosis – Intracerebral hemorrhage – Seizures – Chronic obstructive disease – Infarction – Hepatic insufficiency – Intrahepatic cholelithiais – Subarachnoid haemorrhage 8. Skin & skeletal : – Arthropathy 5. Ocular: – Aseptic necrosis 3. Genitourinary: – Hematuria – Impotence – Retinopathy – Secondary glaucoma- Leg ulcers

Diagnosis of Sickle cell anemia:

Hb electrophoresis  types & proportion of Hb present.

Is rapid & inexpensive screening test

It establishes the patients genotype.

If both parents have the AS genotype there is a 1 in 4 chance that their child will have homozygous SS disease.

Prenatal diagnosis also possible

TREATMENT:

1. Management of major complications:

a. Anemia

Blood transfusions

Folate supplementations

b. Infection

Cefuroxime for Pneumonia & erythromycin & azithromycin for Mycoplasma pneumonia treatment. Prophylactic penicillin for pneumococcal septicemias.

Ampicillin & cephalosporins for salmonella infections.

c. Painful crisis

Vigorous hydration is initiated & oxygen administered if hypoxia is present.

Ketorolac is given if codeine or oxycodones singly or in combination with acetaminophen are not effective.

2. Management of the sickle cell disease:

a. Transfusion therapy

b. Pharmacologic management : clotrimazole. Pentoxiphylline, antineoplastics, hydroxyurea.

c. Bone marrow transplantation

Interview Questions & Answers on Pharmaceutical Production Jobs

July 26, 2020January 3, 2019 by Renee

Interview Questions & Answers on Pharmaceutical Production Jobs

Pharmacy graduates often tend to think about the vast areas of pharmacy of where to apply for jobs. Are you looking out for jobs to boom your pharmacy career? Aren’t there numerous jobs available in the pharmaceutical industry? Well, the answer to these questions is certainly YES and there are many opportunities to start with. While we provide overall information about pharmacy career, in this article we are going to talk about how to pursue a job in the production department of the pharma industry. A fantastic opportunity for pharmacist graduates is that they can work as a research scholar in R & D production team, assist the pharmaceutical manager, play the role of contract production pharmacist, and outsource the drug information to drive the sales and marketing team. The candidates who are considered to be fresher shall have to start with internship and for experienced all sorts of work are there to be explored. If anyone is seeking part-time jobs he or she can apply according to the need of various manufacturing drug companies. Coming to the point of pharmacy production, as a production pharmacist, one needs to help the production manager in achieving the required output. The job holder would be responsible for taking orders from the production manager and oversees manufacturing activities. In addition to that, he supervises the subordinate employees, does plans for production target and plays an important role in managing the company. Moreover, Production department exists in a formulation plant as well as in bulk (API) plant. The Formulation production jobs are generally offered to B. Pharmacy freshers.

So, if want to get into this pharma production jobs then make a firm decision by keeping this information in mind. You need to prepare well for the production pharmacist job interview questions and answers. Go ahead to the interview with a sound confidence and learn technical answers related to production as much as possible. For this to happen we have compiled some of the common Pharma interview questions for production jobs which are technical questions for production job aspirants. This series hopefully would help you for succeeding the interview.

Interview questions for Pharma production jobs are given below!

Questions and Answers

1) Define the tablet?

Ans) Tablet is a solid dosage form. It contains the Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) along with the excipients.

2) Define API?

Ans) API, known as Active pharmaceutical Ingredient. It is the first and important ingredient in any drug formulation. It is a biologically active component responsible for the drug effect.

3) What is excipient and give any two examples with their use?

Ans) Excipient is an inactive or inert component of the drug formulation which is helpful for improving the tablet characteristics.

Examples: Diluents, useful for increasing the bulk volume of a tablet. Also used for improving the flow properties while compressing the tablet. Lubricants, useful for improving the flow properties while compressing the tablet.

4) Give the examples for diluents and lubricants?

Ans) Diluents- Mannitol, sorbitol, starch, lactose, sucrose etc.

Lubricants – Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid etc.

5) Name the tablet preparation methods?

Ans) Wet granulation, Dry granulation, Direct compression.

6) Explain the wet granulation, dry granulation and direct compression?

Ans) Wet granulation: It involves mixing, wet sieving, drying, dry screening and compression. API and excipients are mixed well, then binder solution/ granulation fluid added to form a wet mass, wet mass is screening through a suitable sieve, formed granules are dried. Dried granules are again screened through a sieve. It helps to break down the granule agglomerates to produce a compatible size for preparing the tablet. These same size granules blended and compressed.

Dry granulation: It involves mixing, slugging, screening and compression. API and Excipients are mixed well and particles are aggregated under high pressure for forming slugs. These slugs are screened to form uniform granules for compressing the tablets.

Direct compression: In this method, blend of API and Excipients are directly compressed to form tablets without changing physical nature of material itself.

7) Name any three tablet processing problems and explain it?

Ans) Mottling, Capping and lamination.

Mottling- unequal colour distribution of a tablet.

Capping- Partial or complete separation of a tablet top or bottom crowns.

Lamination- Separation of tablets into two or more layers.

8) What is the difference between picking and sticking?

Ans) Picking- Because of adhesion to the punch faces, Localized portion missing on the surface of the tablet.

Sticking- Adhesion of tablet localized portion to the punch faces resulting in rough and dull appearance.

9) Define capsule and how many types of capsules are available?

Ans) It is a solid dosage form. It contains API and excipients enclosed in a water soluble shell made up of gelatin. Two types of capsules are available. Hard gelatin and soft Gelatin capsules.

10) Explain about hard gelatin capsules?

Ans) It contains two parts called body and cap. Body, a long narrow section. Cap, a smaller wide portion, it fixes over the body.

11) What is the biggest and smallest capsule size?

Ans) The biggest capsule size -000 & smallest capsule size – 5.

12) Define parenterals?

Ans) Sterile dosage forms administered by injections thorough one more layers of the skin.

13) Explain about Water For Injection (WFI)?

Ans) Purified water without any pyrogen, prepared by distillation or reverse osmosis.

14) What is pyrogen?

Ans) They are the metabolic products of microorganisms produced from living or dead microorganisms.

15) Difference between water for injection (WFI) and sterile water for injection (SWFI)?

Ans) WFI – Purified water without any pyrogen

SWFI – Purified and sterile water without any pyrogen

16) Difference between ampule and vial?

Ans) Ampule is simple dose unit and Vial is multiple dose units.

17) Use of additives in the parenteral formulations?

Ans) Additives are used for increasing the stability of solutions.

18) Explain about different types of additives with examples?

Ans) Anti oxidants are used for preventing the auto oxidation of medicament/drug in the formulation. e.g.: Ascorbic acid, Butylated Hydroxy Anisole(BHA), Butylated Hydroxy Toulene(BHT)

Synergists: Enhances the activity of anti oxidants. e.g.: Citric acid, Citarconic acid, Phosphoric acid, Tartaric acid etc.

Preservatives- Helps to prevent the microbial growth in the formulation. e.g.: Benzalkonium chloride, phenyl mercuric acetate, Thiomersol.

19) Give examples of tonicity modifiers?

Ans) Sodium chloride, Dextrose.

20) Which colours used in parenteral formulations?

Ans) Colours will not be used in the parenteral formulations.

21) What Do You Mean By Dq, Iq, Oq, & Pq?

Answer: Design Qualification (DQ): documented verification that the proposed design of the facilities, equipment, or systems is suitable for the intended purpose.

Installation Qualification (IQ): documented verification that the equipment or systems are installed or modified & comply with the approved design of the manufacturer’s recommendations and/or user requirements.

Operational Qualification (OQ): documented verification that the equipment or systems are installed or modified & perform as intended throughout the anticipated operating ranges.

Performance Qualification (PQ): documented verification that the equipment and ancillary systems are connected & can perform effectively and reproducibly based on the approved process method and specifications.

22) Define Strip Package And Blister Package?

Answer: Strip packages have at least one sealed pocket of material with each pocket containing a single dose of the product. The package is made of two layers of film or laminate material. The nature and level of protection which is required by the contained product will affect the composition of these layers.

Blister packages are composed of a base layer, with cavities called blisters which contain the pharmaceutical product, and a lid. This lid is sealed to the base layer by heat, pressure or both. They are more rigid than strip packages and are not used for powders or semi-solids. In tropical areas blister packages with an additional aluminium membrane is used which provide greater protection against high humidity.

Production Pharmacist Interview Questions & Answers. Looking for production pharmacist jobs? There are numerous jobs available in pharmaceutical industry? Pharma interview questions for production jobs discussed in this post. Production department
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Lack of Red Blood Cell Production

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