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Tablet Making Machine India – Cost Price Manual

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Tablet Making Machine

In today’s date “tablets” h0old an essential part of our life.  Most of us consume tablets everyday be it a teenager, middle aged or an old man.  Now consumption of tablets has become a part of our life for most of us if not all.  Looking back at the process of making tablets in the Industry, it is a typical process and passes through certain phases before it is completely done and sealed pack for selling.  Today we will be hereby discussing how tablets making machine is helping to make tablets in short and a precise way.

Tablet Making Machine India – Cost Price Manual

The process

The tablet making machine is generally known as the Tablet Press and consists of two different types mainly.  One is known as the single-punch and another is called the rotary tablet presses.  The punches and dies used for making tablets come in different variety of sizes, shapes, designs and can be easily customized according to need and generally is manufactured with manufacturer codes and scoring lines which makes it more easier for the user to break the tablet at once.  Now depending on the size, shape, material and configuration of the press, the machine (press) can produce from around 250,000 to over 1,000,000 tablets an hour on a general basis as per stats obtained from various production houses.  Now speaking about its mechanism, tablet presses work in a very high speed and takes the form of a rotating turret.  It simply holds number of punches as customized before production.  Once it starts to rotate around the turret, the punches come close in contact with the cams in use and control the punches in a vertical position for the tablets to get manufactured.

The tablet press that we are speaking of here has a simple mechanism to work with.  The main objective of the machine or device is to compresses powder into tablets which comes out in a uniform manner in terms of shape, size and weight as per the requirement of the production house.  The press has got a high potential and generally used to manufacture tablets of different types in conjunction to the variety of materials used.  This can include illicit drugs, pharmaceuticals, cleaning products and cosmetics as well.  The granulated material in order to be given a proper shape into a tablet is firstly metered into a cavity form.  This is done by the use of two punches and a die.  Once this is done, the punches are pressed together with great force.  This in return fuses the materials together giving a shape of a tablet.  For most of the tablet press machines the most integral part of it remains the same ie.  Hopper, Die, Punches, Cam track and feeding mechanism.

Tablet making machine cost manual price

Different types of machine

Now speaking about tablet press and its actions, it is has been found that this tablet making machine comes in two different variants.  One is called the single station or eccentric press and another is the multiple station or popularly known as the rotary tablet press.  The Single station is relatively compact in nature to that of the multiple one and is basically easier to operate among the two in comparison.  It is used to produce chewable tablets, Effervescent and other compressed tablets.  Whereas speaking about the multiple station, its setting up is much more streamlined and can be fined tuned for more customization than that of the two with much higher production rate and obviously the capability of it is immense when compared.  The machine has capability of ejecting, filling and removal of the tablet as well after compression procedure.

Top Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in India – Pharma Machinery Suppliers

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Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in India

Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in India: In today’s world when most of the countries are on the verge of extending their capabilities in each and every spheres of life and implementing new ideas and innovations to satisfy life on a larger scale, India is also on the same track as well.  When pharmaceutical machinery manufacturing in India is concerned, today India is considered to be one of the best in the world and is simply reaching new heights of success on a whole.  Hereby we try to figure out some of the prime manufactures in India who are a leading brand in manufacturing pharmaceutical machinery and about their activities in short.

Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in India

  • Pharma Tech International

Pharma Tech International is considered to be one of the finest Pharmaceutical machinery manufacturers from India.  The company came into existence in the year 2007 with a current annual turnover of Rs 50 lacks to 1 Crore according to stats obtained from sources.  This company boots itself in producing high profile machines like automatic capping machine, capsule section machinery, ointment section machinery, tablet section machinery, crushing machines, globule making machines and the list goes on.  The products are really durable in nature with capabilities of performing accurately and mostly are fully automatic in nature and require less amount of human interference.

  • Prism Pharma Machinery

Prism Pharma Machinery from the land of Gujarat came into existence in the year 2003.  They provide some of the best durable and highly sophisticated pharmaceutical machinery.  With a reputed base and trust of serving this industry from a long time they boost their capabilities in providing machines like high shear mixer granulation, RMG, Tray dryer, oscillating granulator, bin blender, Tumbler bender, Drum mixer blender, mass mixers and others.  They are best in making Roll compactor, Vibro shifter, basket extruder, movable hoist, automatic tablet coater, colloid mill, capsule polishing machine, sealing machine and the list is endless.

Today they stand as one of the finest in the business and provide some of the best products for pharmaceutical use.

Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in India

  • Harrison’s Pharma Machinery Pvt. Ltd

This ISO certified company from Delhi since its inception days in the year 1983 have always been in the limelight with the quality of machines they manufacture and have the repute also of providing wide range of products as well.  The list is long and some of the wide variety of products they manufacture includes ointment plant, lami tube filling & sealing machine, stainless steel storage tank, Mini Pulverizer, Cyclone Type Pulverizer, Powder mixer and rotary bottle washing machinery as well.  They also produce some of the finest quality machines in relation to laboratory use, syrup manufacturing, multipurpose equipments and many more.

Top Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in India – Pharma Machinery Suppliers

  • Lohashilpi

This is another innovative manufacturer from the state of Kerala which is considered to be one of the finest pharmaceutical machinery manufactures in India.  They have a huge number of productivity which includes Liquid filling machines, Semi automatic blister sealing machines, Hydro pneumatic blister trimming machines.  They are capable of providing some of the best quality products available in the market today with capabilities of producing high range products for use.  They also deal in automatic rubber machinery, packaging solutions and manufacturing machines yielding rubber accessories as well.

Given above are some of the finest pharmaceutical machinery manufacturers from India who really have done a great job and helped largely improving the quality of pharmaceutical products on a whole.  There are different other companies as well which do have the similar potentials and produce a great variety and quality machines that not only improve the quality but also improves the volume of manufacturing.

Pharmaceutical Packaging Machinery – Medicines Packing Equipment Types

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Pharmaceutical Packaging Machinery - Medicines Packing Equipment Types

Pharmaceutical Packaging Machinery: In today’s date Pharmaceutical packing machinery hold a very important position when it comes to doing business with the same.  As we all known good packaging not only increased the overall quality appearance of the product but also helps it to do a good branding and provide successful business also.  Today there are different companies who are specialized in this field of work.  They solely work on packing and distributing pharmaceutical packaging.  There are different types of machinery which are uses in this case.  The list is pretty long and most of them are complex in nature whereas there are also simple machinery as well.  Today we are going to discuss about few of the most important Pharmaceutical packaging machinery in short and their use.

Pharmaceutical Packaging Machinery – Medicines Packing Equipment Types

One of the most well known Pharmaceutical packaging machines used very often is Blister Packing Machine.  It is available both for large and small batches of drug processing expediting marketability of Pharma products via blister packing.  Next there is the Pharmaceutical Automatic Capping Machine.  It is used for capping of the pharmaceutical products and is considered to be one of the final steps of ensuring the quality of the product as well.  Next is the Pharmaceutical Filling Machine which simply expedites the current process of packaging.  This filling machine perfectly works for large scale filling used to measure sterility and dispensing of correct volume when in use.  One of the most well-known and widely used machines is Pharmaceutical Ampoule Filling Machine.  This machine is a very complex one and works on a very sophisticated or delicate procedure.  These types of machinery are basically used for pharmaceutical ampoule filling equipment.  The process is a fully automated one and works on a constant basis to provide the required result.  It provides the option of weight checking of product and as well as laser sealing as well.  Another one of the important packaging machinery used for pharmaceutical products is Pharmaceutical Liquid Filling Machine.  It is used for manufacturing of liquid drug suspensions.  This packaging machine is used in variety of forms and use.  It comes in both small and large size.  The operation involves filling of liquid.

Medicines Packing Equipment Types

Now pharmaceutical packaging machinery comes in different price range and in different shapes and sizes.  There are different companies who are best at making these types of machinery.  Some of them are small and some are big production houses.  These production houses basically deal in making pharmaceutical packaging machinery that are all in compliance with FDA standards and maintain a strict protocol as per general guidelines.  Some are semi automatic in nature, some are fully automatic.  When we speak about these type of Pharmaceutical packaging machinery there are different vendor who have earned a good name in the market over the years and have provided world class quality products on a regular basis.  Some of them are Marchesini Group with its headquarters at Italy.  Then there is Mg2 as well from Italy along with Multivac Sepp Haggenmuller.  Bosch and Romaco are two of the most important names that we can add to this list as well and both are from Germany who have the repute of consistently providing quality machinery in this field as well.

Pharmaceutical Packaging Machinery - Medicines Packing Equipment Types

Coming to the concluding part of this discussion, it has been found that these packaging machinery are a very important part of the production of the pharmaceutical products worldwide and provides safety to the finish products as well.  Proper packaging not only ensures the safety of the product but also maintains a proper hygiene to the pharmaceutical products as well which is essential.

Tray Dryer Working Principle

Pharmaceutical Mixing Equipment – Pharmaceutical Blending & Mixing pdf

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Pharmaceutical Mixing Equipment - Pharmaceutical Blending & Mixing pdf

Pharmaceutical Mixing Equipment: Mixing has always been a very integral part of manufacturing pharmaceutical equipment.  In order to form a right pharmaceutical product with proper compositing and content mixing plays a very important and integrated part.  Today we will be looking at some of the well known and primary pharmaceutical mixing equipment that are widely used in the production units for manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.  We try to look at few of them in a very short and precise way.

Pharmaceutical Mixing Equipment – Pharmaceutical Blending & Mixing pdf

Depending on type of mixing we can categorize the procedures accordingly which are as follows:

  • Liquid-liquid mixing

There are different types of mixtures used for mixing liquid with liquid in the pharmaceutical production units.  This process is quite complex and requires additional monitoring.  There are different types of mixers used for this purpose namely, Shaker mixers, Propeller mixers, Paddle mixers, Turbine mixers, sonic and ultrasound devices such as Rapisonic homogenizer.  These equipment are uses for manufacturing antacid suspensions, different emulsions, anti-diarrhoeal mixtures and other such pharmaceutical products.

  • Solid-solid mixing

For solid to solid mixing of pharmaceutical products there are different types of equipments in use on a general basis.  This includes Agitator mixers, Tumbling mixers, Double cone mixers, and V-blenders and others.  These equipments are generally used for mixing of dry (solid base) powders.  These are mainly used for making tablets of various types and sizes.

  • Semi-solid mixing

Then there is semi to solid mixing equipment perfectly designed for this specific purpose also.  For this purpose there are different types of Agitator mixers that are in use like sigma mixers and planetary mixers.  Other than this there is Shear mixer like triple roller mills and colloidal mills as well.  These are basically used for wet granulation procedure while manufacturing tablets and also in the production of ointments as well.  Sigma mixture can also be used in case of solid to solid mixing as well.

Other than the above mixing equipment there are different types of mixtures that are also in use while making up of Pharmaceutical products.  These include tumbling mixer.  These are close vessel mixer rotating about its axis.  They are basically found in double cone, V-mixer and rotating cube as well.  Here the quality of mixing is limited and works on diffusive mixing mechanism.

Then comes Convective mixers which is accompanied with some diffusive and shear mixing.  This machine works typically less than 60 rpm.  Here ribbon blenders are used on a horizontal axis in a static cylinder set on a circular pattern within in a static shell.  Paddles or rotating blades are used in this machine.

Other important pharmaceutical mixing equipments include Conical screw mixer, Muller mixer, Pug mill, Pan mixer, Change can mixer, Banbury mixer and the list is endless.

Pharmaceutical Mixing Equipment - Pharmaceutical Blending & Mixing pdf

On a whole it can be easily said that these different types of mixing equipment are used in order to serve different purposes and to obtain a specific result in the pharmaceutical product manufacturing.  Most of these mixers work on a very complex process and generally have an automatic procedure to work on.  This really is a complex process and needs lot of understand and one must go through years of experience in order to progress and handle these types of machine with care and in a right way.  Without prior knowledge about these type of machine, handling can really be difficult and would produce inverse reaction to the pharmaceutical process.  Most of these equipment are built in a specific way according to their way of action and mostly are brittle in nature and use of pharmaceutical mixing equipments can really be challenging.

Read about Tray Dryer Working Principle

Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in Ahmedabad -Pharma Machinery

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Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad has always been a happening place since Independence.  In western India, it is the largest city in the state of Gujarat.  In terms of providing business there is no other state that can ever compete with Ahmedabad and has always been in the limelight for good reasons.  Today we look at some of the best Pharmaceutical machinery manufacturers in Ahmedabad and throw a light about their product and production unit as well.

Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in Ahmedabad

  • Prism Pharma Machinery

Prism is one of the most trusted brands in Ahmedabad when we speak about manufactures and exporters of pharmaceutical machinery.  Founded in the year 2003, this company with the advent of time has managed to excel its work activities and have successfully gained good reputation.  They provide a wide range of products that includes High Shear Mixer Granulator- RMG, Mass Mixer, Roto Cone Vacuum Dryer, Tablet Press – PTCMD4, Movable Hoist, Fluid Bed Dryer, Spraying System, Lab Scale Mini Tablet Press, Automatic Liquid Syrup Manufacturing, Inline Homogenizer, Preparation vessel, reactor & Storage and the list is endless.  Today Prism Pharma Machinery stands for its quality and goodwill.

  • Ambica Pharma Machines Private Limited

Ambica Pharma Machines Private Limited is considered to be among the best in manufacturing Pharmaceutical machinery from Ahmedabad.  They have a production unit which is well established in manufacturing wide variety of machinery.  The company boosts its capability in producing different types of machinery that includes vial washing machine, automatic high speed 8 head linear Vial liquid filling, 4 head Linear Vial liquid filling, Automatic high speed 2 head injectable liquid filling, powder and liquid filling combo, dry syrup filling machine, injectable powder filling machine, different types of cap sealing machines for pharmaceuticals, screw cap sealing machine, vial aluminum cap sealing machine and the list is endless.  Since its inception the company till date is growing and today stands as a trusted brand in the business.

  • Spark Tech India – pharmaceutical machinery

Spark technologies have always been in the limelight for providing supreme quality of pharmaceutical machinery that are of world-class quality.  Since its inception in the year 1999, this company has got many acclamation from its clients worldwide and today boots its capabilities of solidifying platform of excellence in business.  They provide quality product which includes different types of liquid filling machinery, heavy automatic high-speed syrup filling machinery, washing machines of different kind which are mostly automatic in nature, different types of cap sealing machines for pharmaceuticals and different other machinery that can really improve the quality of pharmaceutical products and its productivity as well.

Pharmaceutical Machinery Manufacturers in Ahmedabad

  • N K Industries

N K Industries situated in Ahmadabad, Gujarat is a pioneer in the field of pharmaceutical machinery production from a long time and hold a good repute for over 35 years which has simply help them to establish a trust between the client and themselves on the global platform.  Their products are of high quality and impeccable productivity.  Some of their products include tablet pill capsule counting filling machine, Auger powder filling machine, capping machine, Ropp capping machine, washing machine, Injectable dry powder filling machine, screw capping machine and many more which rightly have high demands in today’s market.

On conclusion it can be easily said that these are some of the well trusted brands from Ahmedabad that have gained much popularity through their quality productivity.  There are other names too which are equally best whose activities and productivity are as vibrant as that of the above.  All in all, Ahmedabad truly stands as one of the best pharmaceutical machinery manufacturing production hub.

Required Marks Percentage You Need To Maintain In B. Pharmacy Course

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Required Marks Percentage You Need To Maintain In B. Pharmacy Course

Required Marks Percentage You Need To Maintain In B. Pharmacy Course: Student life is the most crucial period of tenacity as it lays the foundation of a person and trains them for the next phase of life. It is that time of life where one has to run marathon imbibing the habit of studying, playing and vigorous activities. The phase that reflects unstoppable vitality and full of life-force is found in student life. Hence naturally the performance of the students put a measure in the marks by evaluating their strength of knowledge.  If you are in the B. Pharmacy course; it means you have to take up learning in form of several labs, theory papers with its simultaneous internal and external examinations much like the boards of 10th and intermediate previously. At that time, the attitude everyone carry is to get very good marks to improve and fulfill your future goals. Here you don’t have marks for the semester examinations, in this case, what you are to take care of is the required percentage of marks you need to maintain. This is true everyone will try to get good marks as this characteristic is more seen for above average and topper students. To be honest toppers in the intermediate are also present in B. Pharmacy now because some of them didn’t get the seat in MBBS, BDS or Agricultural BSc in government universities/colleges. Here primarily your grade in each subject is provided based on the summation of marks obtained under each head of the examination of Theory and Practical including the External Examinations. The Theory and practical components of the same course shall be considered as a separate head.

Required Marks Percentage You Need To Maintain In B. Pharmacy Course

How much percentage of marks one should aim for?

There is no bound for earning marks as a student. Before digging into a general classification for the percentage of marks let us know about the divisions. The Distinction is defined as (75% above), the First division is (60 to 75%), second division is (50 to 60%) and the Third division is (35 to 50%). Observing the job opportunity scenario, there is no much difference between a 90% marks student and 75% marks student. The eligibility for all of the opportunities for a B. Pharmacy student does not require distinction marks profile throughout the course. In fact for any student getting the distinction marks would be extra. Maintaining the minimum first class percentage in B. Pharmacy is mandatory and is recommendable for every student, irrespective of the category and reservation.  Generally for open category students one needs to maintain a minimum 60% (first class), and for other categories, there may an exemption, it may be given 55% in most of the cases. There is no such need to maintain above 80% of marks to get through the course. But if you are capable of doing that you can always aim for higher marks like as you did in your previous curriculum in schools. To maintain subtle marks in B. Pharmacy isn’t that tough and more or less everyone who takes admission clears the papers!

Percentage required by B.Pharmacy students to join, Minimum marks required in Pharmacy degree to get.

How To Score Distinction Marks Percentage In B. Pharmacy?

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How To Score Distinction Marks Percentage In B. Pharmacy?

How To Score Distinction Marks Percentage In B. Pharmacy?

As we know that like every other course, in B.Pharmacy too, the distinction marks come with a percentage of 75% and above in aggregate inclusive of all the subjects.  B. Pharmacy percentage is calculated at the end of the final year by adding marks scored in all the 8 semesters of 4 years. Getting more marks involves several factors like if you are getting favor from the college your marks in the internal examinations will be high that would definitely raise your marks percentage along with the final examinations marks. In one university, getting 85% marks is easier than the getting of 70% marks in another university. However, considering the field of Pharmacy to be very innovative that involves sound creative thinking.

We can suggest a few steps to score well as getting distinction marks percentage:

  • Refer to the previous exam papers thoroughly to find the FAQ.
  • List out the topics by identifying the important chapters from exam point of view
  • Maintain your personalized notes using reference books and the internet then add additional current researches or innovations in it.
  • Considering a question set to be attempted for the stipulated exam divide the time and get an idea of how to invest time per answer based upon the weight-age.
  • Sit for self-made mock tests, try and write the answer in a limited time frame. Practice and repeat until you feel confident enough to score more.

How To Score Distinction Marks Percentage In B. Pharmacy?

Let’s check the strategy to be followed in the B. Pharmacy

The strategy of gaining marks varies in accord to university regulations; some may be strict or lucid. It would not matter in which semester you got more or fewer marks as they consider your percentage as a whole.  Therefore if you want to score distinction marks try to concentrate on getting more marks up to the time of the first semester of the third year. If you are a GPAT exam aspirant then this is a bonus for you because this time onwards is best to start taking coaching that helps a lot in the preparation. Not only that you can also cover a few common subjects from the academic syllabus which are also present in the next semester. This is true that it depends on several factors to earn the distinction in B. Pharmacy nevertheless a lack of interest is not going to help you score good marks be it pharmacy or any other field.

Percentage required by B.Pharmacy students to join, Minimum marks required in Pharmacy degree to get

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION PPT PDF 10 Routes of Drug Administration

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Which drug administration route is fastest?,

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION: The possible routes for drug entry into the body. Most drugs can be administered by a variety of routes. The choice of appropriate route in a given situation depends both on drug as well as patient related factors. Mostly common sense considerations, feasibility and convenience dictate the route to be used. Generally routes of drug administration refer to the right path or the required route through which a drug has to be administered into the body to obtain maximum benefit. Here is the list of  5, 10+ outes of drug administration.

  1. oral
  2. sublingual
  3. rectal
  4. nasal
  5. ocular
  6. otic
  7. inhalation
  8. nebulization
  9. transdermal
  10. Subcutaneous (under the skin)
  11. Intramuscular (in a muscle)
  12. Intravenous (in a vein)
  13. Intrathecal (around the spinal cord

Factors governing choice of route

  1. Physical and chemical properties of the drug (solid/ liquid/gas; solubility, stability, pH, irritancy).
  2. Site of desired action—localized and approachable or generalized and not approachable.
  3. Rate and extent of absorption of the drug from different routes.
  4. Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism on the drug.
  5. Rapidity with which the response is desired (routine treatment or emergency).
  6. Accuracy of dosage required (i.v. and inhalational can provide fine tuning).
  7. Condition of the patient (unconscious, vomiting).

Routes of Administration can be broadly divided into those for

(a) Local action and (b) Systemic action.

LOCAL ROUTES

These routes can only be used for localized lesions at accessible sites and for drugs whose systemic absorption from these sites is minimal or absent. Thus, high concentrations are attained at the desired site without exposing the rest of the body. Systemic side effects or toxicity are consequently absent or minimal. For drugs (in suitable dosage forms) that are absorbed from these sites/routes, the same can serve as systemic route of administration, e.g. glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) applied on the skin as ointment or transdermal patch. The local routes are:

  1. Topical

This refers to external application of the drug to the surface for localized action. It is often more convenient as well as encouraging to the patient. Drugs can be efficiently delivered to the localized lesions on skin, oropharyngeal/ nasal mucosa, eyes, ear canal, anal canal or vagina in the form of lotion, ointment, cream, powder, rinse, paints, drops, spray, lozengens, suppositories or pesseries. Nonabsorbable drugs given orally for action on g.i. mucosa (sucralfate, vancomycin), inhalation of drugs for action on bronchi (salbutamol, cromolyn sodium) and irrigating solutions/jellys (povidone iodine, lidocaine) applied to urethra are other forms of topical medication.

  1. Deeper tissues

Certain deep areas can be approached by using a syringe and needle, but the drug should be in such a form that systemic absorption is slow, e.g. intra-articular injection (hydrocortisone acetate in knee joint), infiltration around a nerve or intrathecal injection (lidocaine), retrobulbar injection (hydrocortisone acetate behind the eyeball).

  1. Arterial supply

Close intra-arterial injection is used for contrast media in angiography; anticancer drugs can be infused in femoral or brachial artery to localise the effect for limb malignancies.

SYSTEMIC ROUTES

The drug administered through systemic routes is intended to be absorbed into the blood streamand distributed all over, including the site of action, through circulation

  1. Oral

Oral ingestion is the oldest and commonest mode of drug administration. It is safer, more convenient, does not need assistance, noninvasive, often painless, the medicament need not be sterile and so is cheaper. Both solid dosage forms (powders, tablets, capsules, spansules, dragees, moulded tablets, gastrointestinal therapeutic systems— GITs) and liquid dosage forms (elixirs, syrups, emulsions, mixtures) can be given orally.

Limitations of oral route of administration

  • Action of drugs is slower and thus not suitable for emergencies.
  • Unpalatable drugs (chloramphenicol) are difficult to administer; drug may be filled in capsules to circumvent this.
  • May cause nausea and vomiting (emetine).
  • Cannot be used for uncooperative/unconscious/ vomiting patient.
  • Absorption of drugs may be variable and erratic; certain drugs are not absorbed (streptomycin).
  • Others are destroyed by digestive juices (penicillin G, insulin) or in liver (GTN, testosterone, lidocaine).

  1. Sublingual (s.l.) or buccal

The tablet or pellet containing the drug is placed under the tongue or crushed in the mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa. Only lipid soluble and non-irritating drugs can be so administered. Absorption is relatively rapid—action can be produced in minutes. Though it is somewhat inconvenient, one can spit the drug after the desired effect has been obtained. The chief advantage is that liver is bypassed and drugs with high first pass metabolism can be absorbed directly into systemic circulation. Drugs given sublingually are—GTN, buprenorphine, desamino-oxytocin.

  1. Rectal

Certain irritant and unpleasant drugs can be put into rectum as suppositories or retention enema for systemic effect. This route can also be used when the patient is having recurrent vomiting or is unconscious. However, it is rather inconvenient and embarrassing; absorption is slower, irregular and often unpredictable, though diazepam solution and paracetamol suppository are rapidly and dependably absorbed from the rectum in children. Drug absorbed into external haemorrhoidal veins (about 50%) bypasses liver, but not that absorbed into internal haemorrhoidal veins. Rectal inflammation can result from irritant drugs. Diazepam, indomethacin, paracetamol, ergotamine and few other drugs are some times given rectally.

  1. Cutaneous

Highly lipid soluble drugs can be applied over the skin for slow and prolonged absorption. The liver is also bypassed. The drug can be incorporated in an ointment and applied over specified area of skin. Absorption of the drug can be enhanced by rubbing the preparation, by using an oily base and by an occlusive dressing.

 

Transdermal therapeutic systems (TTS)

 

These are devices in the form of adhesive patches of various shapes and sizes (5–20 cm2) which deliver the contained drug at a constant rate into systemic circulation via the stratum corneum (Fig. 1.2). The drug (in solution or bound to a polymer) is held in a reservoir between an occlusive backing film and a rate controlling micropore membrane, the under surface of which is smeared with an adhesive impregnated with priming dose of the drug. The adhesive layer is protected by another film that is to be peeled off just before application. The drug is delivered at the skin surface by diffusion for percutaneous absorption into circulation. The micropore membrane is such that rate of drug delivery to skin surface is less than the slowest rate of absorption from the skin. This offsets any variation in the rate of absorption according to the properties of different sites. As such, the drug is delivered at a constant and predictable rate irrespective of site of application. Usually chest, abdomen, upper arm, lower back, buttock or mastoid region are utilized. Transdermal patches of GTN, fentanyl, nicotine and estradiol are available in India, while those of isosorbide dinitrate, hyoscine, and clonidine are marketed elsewhere. For different drugs, TTS have been designed to last for 1–3 days. Though more expensive, they provide smooth plasma concentrations of the drug without fluctuations; minimize interindividual variations (drug is subjected to little first pass metabolism) and side effects. They are also more convenient— many patients prefer transdermal patches to oral tablets of the same drug; patient compliance is better. Local irritation and erythema occurs in some, but is generally mild; can be minimized by changing the site of application each time by rotation. Discontinuation has been necessary in 2–7% cases.

 

  1. Inhalation

Volatile liquids and gases are given by inhalation for systemic action, e.g. general anaesthetics. Absorption takes place from the vast surface of alveoli—action is very rapid. When administration is discontinued the drug diffuses back and is rapidly eliminated in expired air. Thus, controlled administration is possible with moment to moment adjustment. Irritant vapours (ether) cause inflammation of respiratory tract and increase secretion.

  1. Nasal

The mucous membrane of the nose can readily absorb many drugs; digestive juices and liver are bypassed. However, only certain drugs like GnRH agonists and desmopressin applied as a spray or nebulized solution have been used by this route. This route is being tried for some other peptide drugs like insulin, as well as to bypass the bloodbrain barrier.

  1. Parenteral

Conventionally, parenteral refers to administration by injection which takes the drug directly into the tissue fluid or blood without having to cross the enteral mucosa. The limitations of oral administration are circumvented. Drug action is faster and surer (valuable in emergencies). Gastric irritation and vomiting are not provoked. Parenteral routes can be employed even in unconscious, uncooperative or vomiting patient. There are no chances of interference by food or digestive juices. Liver is bypassed. Disadvantages of parenteral routes are—the preparation has to be sterilized and is costlier, the technique is invasive and painful, assistance of another person is mostly needed (though self injection is possible, e.g. insulin by diabetics), there are chances of local tissue injury and, in general, parenteral route is more risky than oral.

The important parenteral routes are:

(i) Subcutaneous (s.c.)

The drug is deposited in the loose subcutaneous tissue which is richly supplied by nerves (irritant drugs cannot be injected) but is less vascular (absorption is slower than intramuscular). Only small volumes can be injected s.c. Self-injection is possible because deep penetration is not needed. This route should be avoided in shock patients who are vasoconstricted— absorption will be delayed. Repository (depot) preparations that are aqueous suspensions can be injected for prolonged action. Some special forms of this route are:

 (a) Dermojet

In this method needle is not used; a high velocity jet of drug solution is projected from a microfine orifice using a gun like implement. The solution passes through the superficial layers and gets deposited in the subcutaneous tissue. It is essentially painless and suited for mass inoculations.

(b) Pellet implantation

The drug in the form of a solid pellet is introduced with a trochar and cannula. This provides sustained release of the drug over weeks and months, e.g. DOCA, testosterone.

(c) Sialistic (nonbiodegradable) and biodegradable implants

Crystalline drug is packed in tubes or capsules made of suitable materials and implanted under the skin. Slow and uniform leaching of the drug occurs over months providing constant blood levels. The nonbiodegradable implant has to be removed later on but not the biodegradable one. This has been tried for hormones and contraceptives (e.g. NORPLANT).

 (ii) Intramuscular (i.m.)

The drug is injected in one of the large skeletal muscles—deltoid, triceps, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, etc. Muscle is less richly supplied with sensory nerves (mild irritants can be injected) and is more vascular (absorption of drugs in aqueous solution is faster). It is less painful, but self injection is often impracticable because deep penetration is needed. Depot preparations (oily solutions, aqueous suspensions) can be injected by this route. Intramuscular injections should be avoided in anticoagulant treated patients, because it can produce local haematoma.

(iii) Intravenous (i.v

.) The drug is injected as a bolus (Greek: bolos–lump) or infused slowly over hours in one of the superficial veins. The drug reaches directly into the blood stream and effects are produced immediately (great value in emergency). The intima of veins is insensitive and drug gets diluted with blood, therefore, even highly irritant drugs can be injected i.v., but hazards are—thrombophlebitis of the injected vein and necrosis of adjoining tissues if extravasation occurs. These complications can be minimized by diluting the drug or injecting it into a running i.v. line. Only aqueous solutions (not suspensions, because drug particles can cause embolism) are to be injected i.v. and there are no depot preparations for this route. Chances of causing air embolism is another risk. The dose of the drug required is smallest (bioavailability is 100%) and even large volumes can be infused. One big advantage with this route is—in case response is accurately measurable (e.g. BP) and the drug short acting (e.g. sodium nitroprusside), titration of the dose with the response is possible. However, this is the most risky route—vital organs like heart, brain, etc. get exposed to high concentrations of the drug.

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION 10 Fastest routes

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION 10 Fastest routes PDF

routes of administration PPT

(iv) Intradermal injection

The drug is injected into the skin raising a bleb (e.g. BCG vaccine, sensitivity testing) or scarring/multiple puncture of the epidermis through a drop of the drug is done. This route is employed for specific purposes only.

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Bio-processing Upstream Downstream + Bioprocessing Companies PDF

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Bio-processing Upstream Downstream + Bioprocessing Companies PDF

Bio-processing Upstream Downstream + Bioprocessing Companies PDFBioprocessing: The fundamentals

The bioprocess is considered to be a very specific process that uses complete living cells or its components to obtain any desired products.  These living cells include bacteria, chloroplasts, enzymes and similar category of living cells.  The process involves transportation of their energy and their mass to many biological and environmental processes which is the basic of this productivity.  Now these therapeutic cell manufacturing processes can be differentiated into two main processes termed as the upstream processes and the downstream processes.  The upstream process is defined as the entire process from early cell isolation along with cultivation converting to cell banking and culture expansion of the cells till the stage of final harvest is reached.  Whereas, the downstream process involves the processing of those cell masses from the upstream to meet quality and purity requirements as per need.  This process involves cell disruption, purification and final polishing of the products.

 

The Two Processes

Upstream

The first process involved as stated above in Upstream involves the separation of cells.  Here involvement of growing of cells and microbes take place.  The steps also comprises of inoculum development, media development, improvement of those inoculum development by using genetical procedure (genetical engineering) along with growth kinetics involved into the process as well.  This in return will improve the product development by a greater extend.  This process is completed when the final harvesting of the cells are done.

 

Downstream

Once the Upstream process is completed, now the downstream part of the process starts.  Here the separation of the biomass takes place by centrifugation or ultra-centrifugation.  After it is over, the cell disruption is done which enables the product to get released.  The solid-liquid state is separated here by the use of centrifugation or filtration process.  Initial purification of metabolites takes place after concentration of broth takes place.  Finally, de-watering and polishing of the metabolites takes place and finally the product is formulated and sent to the market for the consumers in a seal packed manner.

 

The bioprocessing engineering involved

Bioprocess engineering or also called as the biochemical engineering is considered to be a specialization field of chemical engineering or Biological engineering which deals in development and designing of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of agriculture products along with involvement of food, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, polymers and chemicals as well.  This engineering also involves study of different biotechnological processes used in industries used for quality large scale production on a whole.

 

The process involves use of bioreactors which comprises of a fermentation chamber for growing of organisms like bacteria, yeast and other such microbes but under controlled temperature and condition supporting their growth.  The perfect example of this reactor’s involvement is found in pharmaceuticals, vaccines, antibodies and other such products.

 

The perfect application

This bioprocessing involves a wide variety of application field especially when we speak about biomedical research.  The study of this field has gained great significance attaining advancements in the field of biomedical research which simply paved the way for manufacturing of innovative pharmaceutical products that has led to a better development and truly opened a new horizon of possibilities in the pharmaceutical field.  This has truly been a significant achievement which involves different critical applications and manufacturing of certain products which have been never possible without the use of bioprocessing advancement.

 

In the coming days, bioprocessing will gain much more significance as compared to today and today’s achievements will simply mend the pathway for the betterment of this field in the future which in turn will certainly help our science to get more stronger and better like never before.

{PDF} Tablet Evaluation – Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical Apparatus Material PPT

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PDF Tablet Evaluation - Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical Apparatus Material.JPG

Topic: {PDF} Tablet Evaluation – Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical Apparatus Material: Tablets are defined as solid unit dosage form of medicaments intended for oral use. They became most popular as they were easy in preparation compared to any other type of dosage forms. But the major drawback exists in its manufacturing. If any minor problem occurs during their manufacturing then the whole batch of the unit should be discarded. It is necessary to avoid any sort of errors during its manufacturing and as a result evaluation of tablets is very important before dispatching of a batch. In the present study, we discussed about the evaluation tests for tablets.

Tablet Evaluation:

Before a tablet is released out into the market it has to pass a few quality checks, which is mandatory. Evaluation of tablet includes the assessment of tablets physical, chemical and biological properties. To studies them the following test are formulated

  •    Appearance,
  • • Size and Shape,
  • • Organoleptic properties,
  • • Uniformity of thickness,
  • • Hardness,
  • • Friability,
  • • Drug Content Uniformity,
  • • Weight Variation Test,
  • • Wetting time,
  • • Water Absorption Ratio,
  • • In vitro Dispersion Time,
  • • In vitro Disintegration Test,
  • • In vitro Dissolution Studies,
  • • Two set of apparatus,

Description:

Appearance:

Appearance is the first most required quality for the acceptance of tablet. General elegance and its identity play a major role for the consumer acceptance. Acceptance of the appearance of batches of the tablet has been done based on the measurement of the following factors like size, color, shape, presence or absence of odor, taste etc. [26-50]. Size and shape

General appearance is the physical appearance of the tablet it has two aspects to address

First one is the patient compliance, if the tablet is appearance is legible and good, it improves the patient compliance.

The second one Is for the manufacturer, it helps him in trouble free manufacturing if there is tablet to tablet, batch to batch and lot to lto uniformity of tablet.

General appearance would include a number of aspects like, size, shape, odor, taste, texture, legibility, identifying marks.

For rapid identification of the tablet and consumer acceptance the tablet are given a specific colour, the colour of the tablet will enable the manufacturer form differentiating the tablet lot.

The uniformity of the colour is important parameter here, the tablet should be free form mottling.

The colour uniformity and gloss of the tablet is evaluated by using reflectance spectrophotometer, tristimulus colorimetric measurement, microreflectance photometer.

Size and shape

Size and shape of a tablet has been determined by its thickness. Size and shape of a tables plays an important role in its patient compliance as the size of the tablet increases it is not much easier for its administration. Micrometer is the devise which is used to determine the thickness of a tablet. It can be acceptable if the batch falls within the ±5% of standard deviation.

Organoleptic properties:

Color should be distributed uniformly without appearance of any signs of mottling. Colour of the tablet should be compared with the standard colour for comparison.

Uniformity of thickness:

To determine the uniformity of thickness random selection of tablets has to be done from each and every batch and need to measure its thickness independently. If the thickness of any single tablet varies then the batch containing that batch will not be dispatched into market

 WEIGHT VARIATION TEST

The weight variation test would be a satisfactory method for determining drug content uniformity of drug distribution. In practice this test is performed by taking 20 tablets, from a batch. 20 tablets are weighed at a time and the average weight is taken. Then the tablet is weighed individually.

 

Average Weight Percentage Difference
130 mg or less 10
More than 130 mg through
324 mg		 7.5
More than 324 mg 5

2) THICKNESS AND DIAMETER (SIZE AND SHAPE)

The thickness of individual tablets is measured with a micrometer, which gives us information about the variation between tablets. Tablet thickness should be within a ±5% variation of a standard value. Any variation in thickness within a particular lot of tablets or between manufacturer’s lots should not be clear to the unaided eye for consumer acceptance of the product. In addition, thickness should be controlled to smooth the progress of packaging.

PDF Tablet Evaluation - Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutical Apparatus Material.JPG

Different shapes and sizes of tablet are available in the market they are manufactured in order to differentiate them based on their purpose of use and quantity of active ingredient, and the age group of the patient who is going to be administered with the drug.

Heart shape tablet signify that they are for the cardiac problems, small toy shape, tablet are manufactured in order to attract children etc.

The shape and size of a tablet would vary based on tooling used in the tablet manufacturing.

The prime consideration here would be the crown size, because if the concavity is very high it many lead to capping, or chipping problem.

The crown size is measured by using micrometer, and sliding caliper scale is used to measure the size of 5 to 10 tablets at a time.

We use Micrometer for tablet thickness

3) UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION MARK:

Pharmaceutical manufacturers in order to differentiate their product from the other manufacturers emboss a special marking g on the tablet. The marking can be an embossing, engraving or printing.

Apart from the company marking there can be imprints which include product code, product name, product potenct,

But care must be taken that the letters that are embossed on the tablet are properly printed without double impression.

5) HARDNESS AND FRIABILITY:

The hardness of the tablet is important for drug products that have bioavailability problem or that are sensitive to altered dissolution release profiles as a function of the compressive force employed. Tablet hardness is the force necessary to break the tablet diametrically. The tablets must be hard enough to withstand mechanical stress during packaging, shipment, and handling by the consumer.

Section <1216> of the USP 24/NF19 outlines a standard tablet friability test applicable to manufactured tablets. Most compounding pharmacy would not have the apparatus specified in Section <1216>. However, there are several hand operated tablet hardness testers that might be useful. Examples of devices are the Strong Cobb, Pfizer, and Stokes hardness testers. The principle of measurement involves subjecting the tablet to an increasing load until the tablet breaks or fractures. The load is applied along the radial axis of the tablet. Oral tablets normally have a hardness of 4 to 8 or 10 kg; however, hypodermic and chewable tablets are much softer (3 kg) and some sustained release tablets are much harder (10-20 kg).

Tablet hardness and strength are the essential to see that the tablet can with the shock and stress during manufacturing packing and transportation, and while handled by the patient.

To test the hardness of the tablet Monsanto tester, Strong-cobb tester, the Pfizer tester, the Erweka tester, the Schleuniger tester are used.

Hardness is sometimes termed the tablet crushing strength. To perform this test the tablets are located between two anvils and force is applied to the anvils, and the strength required to break the tablet is noted. If the tablet is too hard, the disintegration time is long and cannot meet up the dissolution specification, if its too soft, it cannot withstand handling when dealing with processes such as coating or packaging and shipping operations. The force with which the tablet is broken is expressed in kilograms and a hardness of 4Kg is usually well thought-out to be the minimum for satisfactory tablets. Oral tablets have a hardness of 4 to 10kg ; but, hypodermic and chewable tablets  have a hardness of 3 kg  and sustained release tablets have about 10-20 kg.

Pfzier hardness tester was used for measuring the hardness of the formulated Paracetamol tablets. From each batch 3 tablets were taken at random and subjected to test. The mean of these 3 tablets were calculated.

Friability is the tested for a tablet to see weather the tablet is stable to abrasion or not, it is tested by using Roche friabilator. This is made up of a plastic drum fixed with a machine which rotated at 25 rpm for 100 revolutions. And then the twenty tablets which were weighed prior to the test are taken out of the drum and cleaned with a cloth and weighed once again, the weight variation must not be less than 0.5 to 1.0% for an conventional tablet.

6) WEIGHT VARIATION:

Weight variation test is performed to check that the manufactured tablets have an uniform weight.

As per USP twenty tablets are weighed individually and an compendia weight is taken, the average weight is obtained by dividing the compendia weight by 20, now the average weight is compared to the individual weight of the tablet,

For a tablet to pass the test not more than 2 tablets should lie out of the specified percentage and if no tablet differs by more than two times the percentage limit.

Average weight

Maximum percentage difference allowed

WETTING TIME (Gohel et al., 2004)

A circular tissue paper of 10cm diameter were placed in a Petri dish having an internal diameter of 10 cm. 10 ml of water containing methylene blue (10% w/w) was added to the Petri dish. The tablet was carefully placed in the centre of the Petri dish and the time taken for the water to reach the upper surface of the tablets was known as wetting time.

7) DISINTEGRATION:

Disintegration is the first physical change observed for a drug when it enters into the body, thus to see simulate the disintegration of the tablet in the body the disintegration test is performed.

As per USP the disintegration apparatus consist of 6 glass tubes with a 10 number mesh at the bottom, each tube is 3 inch long.

This arrangement of 6 tubes is placed in a medium simulated to the disintegration environment. Which is maintained at 37oc +/- 2oc, in 1 liter vessel.

This system is made to move up and down through a distance of 5 to 6 cm at a frequency of 28 to 32 cycles per minute.

The disintegration time of the tablet is compared with the values in the monograph.

DRUG CONTENT (IP, 2007)

20 tablets were weighed and powdered. A quantity of powder containing 0.15 g of Paracetamol was added to 0.1 M NaOH, diluted with 100 ml of water. It was shaken for 15 minutes and sufficient water was added to produce 200 ml. 10 ml of the filtrate was diluted to 100 ml with water. Then 10 ml of the resulting solution was added to 10 ml of 0.1 M NaOH, finally diluted to 100 ml with water. The absorbance was measured at maximum of 257 nm. Calculate the content of C5H9N02 taking 715 as the value of A (1%, 1cm) at maximum at 257 nm.

8) DISSOLUTION:

Tablet dissolution: Disintegration time determination is a useful tool for production control, but disintegration of a tablet does not imply that the drug has dissolved. A tablet can have a rapid disintegration time yet be biologically unavailable. The dissolution rate of the drug from the primary particles of the tablet is the important factor in drug absorption and for many formulations is the rate-limiting step. Therefore, a dissolution time is more indicative of the availability of a drug from a tablet than the disintegration test. Even though this is an important parameter to measure, most pharmacies do not have the equipment needed to conduct these kinds of tests.

The rate and extent of drug release form the tablet is estimated by dissolution test

Different types of apparatus are used to study the dissolution test of the tablet. As per IP apparatus I (paddle) and apparatus II(basket) are used. called basket dissolution apparatus and paddle dissolution apparatus

But as per USP dissolution apparatus used are

USP 30 classification

i. Rotating Basket (Ph.Eur./BP/JP)

ii. Paddle (Ph.Eur./BP/JP)

iii. Reciprocating Cylinder (Ph.Eur.)

iv. Flow Through Cell (Ph.Eur./BP/JP)

v. Paddle Over Disk (Ph.Eur.)

vi. Rotating Cylinder (Ph.Eur.)

vii. Reciprocating Holder

  1. DISSOLUTION KINETICS (Higuchi WI, 1962)

Method used to compare dissolution data is:

  • Model Dependent Methods (zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer’s- Peppas).

Drug release kinetics

Drug release kinetics was studied from the datas obtained from in-vitro drug release studies which were plotted in various kinetics models: Zero order (equation 1) as Cumulative percentage of drug released against Time, First order (equation 2) as Log cumulative percentage of drug unreleased against Time, and Higuchi model (equation 3) as Cumulative percentage of drug released against Square root of time.

C = K0 t                                    (equation 1)

where       K0 indicates zero order rate constant expressed as                            concentration per time and t indicates the time in                                   hours.

A graph of concentration against time gives a straight line with a slope equal to K0 and intercept the origin of the axis.

log C = log C0 – K t/2.303                              (equation 2)

where         C0 be the initial concentration of drug,

K be the first order constant, and t is the time.

Q = K t1/2                                                                        (equation 3)

where        K indicates the constant of the system, t indicates the   time in hours.

Drug release were plotted in Korsmeyer equation (equation 4) as Log cumulative percentage of drug released against Log time, and the exponent was calculated from  the slope of the straight line.

Mt / Mα =  K tn                                                             (equation 4)

where          Mt / Mα is the fraction of solute release, t is the release time,  K is the kinetic constant

The dissolution time and rate is compared to the values mentioned in the monograph.

In vitro disintegration test

Disintegration is defined as the process of breakdown of tablet into small particles. Disintegration time of a tablet is determined by using disintegration test apparatus as per IP specifications. Place each tablet in each 6 tubes of the disintegration apparatus a then add a disc to each tube containing 6.8 pH phosphate buffer. The temperature of the buffer should maintain at 37 ± 2°C and run the apparatus raised and lowered for 30 cycles per minute. Note down the time taken for the complete disintegration of the tablet without any remitants .

References
1. J. S. Swarbrick, Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Third dition – 6 Volume Set,
Taylor & Francis, 2006.

Lachman et al., 1990