Achlorhydria Treatment Causes Symptoms PPT PDF – www.pharmawiki.in

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Achlorhydria Treatment Causes Symptoms PPT PDF - www.Pharmawiki.in

Achlorhydria indicates the inability to produce gastric acid (i.e., hydrochloric acid [HCl]), even after stimulation with secretagogues (e.g., pentagastrin [gastrin analogue], histamine, betazole [histamine analogue], or a meal). Serum gastrin is a marker for gastric acid output. A decrease in gastric acid interrupts a negative feedback pathway controlling gastrin secretion, and leads to elevated serum gastrin levels (hypergastrinaemia

Achlorhydria Causes:

The cause of achlorhydria in first case may be subtotal gastrectomy, atrophic gastritis, carcinoma, gastric polyp etc while in later case it may be chronic nephritis, tuberculosis, hyperthyroidism, chronic alcoholism, sprue, pellagra etc. The symptoms vary with associated disease but they generally include mild diarrhoea or frequent bowl movement, epigastric pain and sensitivity to spicy food. Achlorhydria can be treated by various acidifying agents like ammonium chloride, dilute HCl, Calcium chloride etc.

Types of achlorhydria:

The pH of stomach is 1.5 -2 when empty and rises to pH 5-6 when food is ingested. The pH of stomach is so low because of the secretion of HCl. Gastric HCl act by destroying the bacteria in the ingested food and drinks. It softens the fibrous food and promotes the formation of the proteolytic enzyme pepsin. This enzyme is formed from pepsinogen at acidic pH (>6). Pepsin helps in the metabolism of proteins in the ingested food. Therefore lack of HCl in the stomach can cause Achlorhydria.

Two types of achlorhydria are known:

1) where the gastric secretion is devoid of HCl, even after stimulation with histamine phosphate
2) where gastric secretion is devoid of HCl, but secreted upon stimulation with histamine phosphate.

Treatment of Achlorhydria:

Dilute Hydrochloric Acid HCl M.W 36.5 I.P. Limit: It contains not less than 9.5% and not more than 10.5% w/w of HCl. The acid should be diluted with 25-50 volumes with water or juice and sipped through a glass tube to prevent reaction upon dental enamel.

The cause of your achlorhydria will determine your treatment path. For instance, if chronic use of PPIs were how you developed this condition, the first step your doctor may take is to stop having you take these medications, and possibly H2 blockers as well. If an autoimmune disorder is to blame, steps could be taken to get that condition in line. Basically, there is not one set treatment option, but your doctor will know what treatments fit with your version of achlorhydria.

Proton-pump inhibitor 

amoxicillin 

clarithromycin 

metronidazole
levofloxacin 

bismuth

Symptoms of achlorhydria:

Achlorhydria can increase your risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. Without stomach acids, the body will have issues absorbing iron.

Other vitamins and minerals such a calcium, folic acid, vitamin C, and vitamin D also rely on adequate stomach acid for their absorption into the digestive tract.

Achlorhydria Treatment Causes Symptoms PPT PDF - www.Pharmawiki.in

If diagnosed with achlorhydria, doctors often check for anemia. Other achlorhydria symptoms can include:

abdominal bloating
indigestion
nausea
acid reflux
digestive issues
diarrhea
weak, brittle nails
hair loss
undigested food in stools

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Dissolution Apparatus: Types of Dissolution Apparatus – Buy @ Best Price | PDF PPT II

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types of dissolution apparatus pdf,

The rate at which the drug is released is called the dissolution rate.When it comes to measuring the release rates of drugs in a manufacturing environment then the technique of Tablet Dissolution testing is employed.
Tablet Dissolution is a standardized method for measuring the rate of drug release from a dosage form and the key word here is “standardization” because for any results to be meaningful, it is essential that all the apparatus used for the testing, produces the same sets of results given all other parameters are equal.

Dissolution Apparatus: Types

Why do you need of Dissolution testing devices?

Reasons:
As solid drugs absorbed only from the solution .
In vitro test – estimate amount of drug released per unit time.
In vitro disintegration test not sufficient so we need Dissoluton.
In vitro dissolution test most reliable predictors of in vivo performance.
Dissolution is very crucial as it is the rate limiting factor.

Types of dissolution apparatus pdf:

Type 1 Basket apparatus 50-120rpm Conventional tablets, chewable tablets, CR
Type 2 Paddle apparatus 25-50rpm orally Disintegrating tablets, chewable tablets, CR, suspensions
Type 3 Reciprocating cylinder 6-35rpm CR, chewable tablets
Type 4 Flow through cell apparatus N/A ER , poorly soluble API, powder, granules, microparticles, implants
Type 5 Paddle over disk 25-50rpm Transdermal
Type 6 cylinder N/A Transdermal
Type 7 Reciprocating holder 30rpm CR(non disintegrating oral and Transdermal ) 6 USP APPARATUS

Apparatus 1 – The Rotating Basket Dissolution Apparatus

Rotating Basket USP1 is adopted in 1970 the rotating basket method of dissolution testing was the first official method.

The apparatus consists of a metallic drive shaft connected to the cylindrical basket. The basket is positioned inside a vessel made of glass or other inert, transparent material. The temperature of the media inside the vessel is kept constant by a water bath or heating jacket. The solution in the vessel is stirred smoothly by the rotating stirring element.

The diagram  shows a simple graphic of the rotating basket set-up. This is very tightly specified however and the official drawing according to the USP is shown below.

types of dissolution apparatus pdf,

The drawing shows a basket manufactured from mesh, connected to a basket hub of with a vent hole by the use of clips. The Basket hub is connected to a rotating shaft. Every parameter of those individual parts is specified.

The shafts and baskets must rotate freely and within specified limits, and importantly, they must be accurately centered in the vessel and be free from wobble. The validation of these parameters will be covered in a later chapter.

The standard basket consists of a stainless steel 40 mesh construction, but there are many variations depending on the monograph and application. For example, suppository baskets are manufactured from PTFE with vertical slits to facilitate dissolution.

Mesh size refers to the number of openings per linear inch and the diameter of the wire used to create the mesh is specified.

If the basket is reactive with the dosage form then it can be coated with PTFE or an inert substance such as gold or titanium.

The diagram shows that the basket is connected to the rotating shaft by use of clips onto a basket hub. The basket hub also has a specific dimension and importantly, a small vent hole at the top to allow air to escape from the basket should it become trapped. It is important that this hole does not become clogged over time.

Some baskets are supplied for use without clips, and use a push-on O-ring instead. While these are excellent for many applications, it is important to show that the results from this design are the same as the results obtained with clips – a process known as equivalence. It is by no means guaranteed that the results will be the same in every case.

It is also important to note that different dissolution tester manufacturers will manufacture their baskets and hubs to slightly different specifications but all within the USP guidelines. Even though they look similar, baskets are not interchangeable between different tester manufacturers. 

Note: Apparatus 1- Basket apparatus The assembly consists of the following : • A covered vessel • Transparent material • A motor • A metallic drive shaft, • A cylindrical basket, • The water bath permits the holding of temp inside vessel at 37±0.5 ̊C • The vessel is a cylindrical with hemispherical bottom .

Apparatus 2 Paddle Dissolution Apparatus

Type 2 Paddle apparatus

The Rotating Paddle, although Method 2, is actually the most widely used method in dissolution testing.

Rotating Paddle, is originally developed by Poole (1969) and was refined by scientists at the FDA for Drug Analysis in St Louis. The specifications for Apparatus 2 are identical with those for Apparatus 1 except that the paddle is substituted for the rotating basket.

The paddle apparatus (Apparatus II) consists of a special, coated paddle that minimizes turbulence due to stirring. The paddle is attached vertically to a variable-speed motor that rotates at a controlled 40 speed.

The tablet or capsule is placed into the round-bottom dissolution flask, which minimizes turbulence of the dissolution medium. The apparatus is housed in a constant-temperature water hall maintained at 370C, similar to the rotating-basket method.

Dissolution Apparatus: Types of Dissolution Apparatus - Buy @ Best Price | PDF PPT II

The position and alignment of the paddle are specified in the USP. The paddle method is very sensitive to tilting. Improper alignment may drastically affect the dissolution results with some drug products.

The same set of dissolution calibration standards is used to check the equipment before tests are run. The most common operating speed for Apparatus II are 50 rpm for solid oral dosage forms and 25 rpm for suspensions.

Apparatus II is generally preferred for tablets. A sinker, such as a few turns of platinum wire. may be used to prevent a capsule or tablet from floating.

A sinker may also be used for film coated tablets that stick to the vessel walls or help position the tablet or capsule under the paddle (Gray et al, 2001). The sinker should not alter the dissolution characteristics of the dosage form.

The dimensions of the paddle are closely controlled. Any variations can easily have a detrimental effect on reproducibility from vessel to vessel. For this reason, paddles should be treated as a precision piece of equipment, stored correctly, and inspected regularly for scratches, dents or other imperfections.

The dissolution test relies on uniform flow patterns and any imperfections can lead to turbulent flow. For that same reason, wobble and other deviations must be tightly controlled with specifications similar to the basket test.

Dissolution apparatus for more detailed info please go through these References

U.S. Pharmacopia,2008 31
Banakar V. U. and et. al. , pharmaceutical dissolution testing,
Remington, the science and practice of pharmacy, mack pub. Co. , 19th edition pg 594,601,602
Brahmankar D.M. , Jaiswal S. ,
biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics a treatise, vallab prakashan, 2nd edition, pg 29-34 4.
markcel deken, pg 4

 

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Quintiles Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions – Accenture Jobs

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Quintiles Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions - Accenture Jobs

Pharmacovigilance is the booming career option for all the pharmacy graduates in India. Both B Pharmacy and M pharmacy students can apply for this post. Interview for pharmacovigilance is the key selecting process for selecting right candidate for the post. Then what about Interview questions and answers? Pharmacovigilance interview questions are the important things you need to know before you apply for the post.

Here our blog has decided to provide pharmacovigilance interview questions and answers for freshers pdf download for our beloved B Pharm Students. You can get here cognizant pharmacovigilance interview questions, quintiles pharmacovigilance interview questions, pharmacovigilance interview questions in tcs, accenture pharmacovigilance interview questions. Specifically you can read pharmacovigilance technical round questions, pharmacovigilance quiz questions, pharmacovigilance exam questions from this post.

For pharmacovigilance interview HR round which is simple one has to tell about himself and must have a valid registration as a pharmacist or any other healthcare professional such as doctor or nurse, follow by a telephonic round where they judge spoken English and then a technical round about pharmacovigilance.

Quintiles. Quintiles is the worlds largest Contract Research Organizaiton(CRO) where it mainly focuses on clinical trials phase 2-4.

Recently They recruited large number of people in bangalore for different departments like Clinical Data Management, pharmacovigilnace,clinical trial analyst.

Package: starting to hand you will get around 14-16k.

How to Apply: many of candidates applied from the naukri and they got response from the quintlies and you may apply from different sources also like hr mail id or through direct company portal site.

Quintiles Pharmacovigilance Interview Questions – Accenture Jobs

Tip to get interview call or Response for your Resume:

1)first make sure that your sending mail id should not be funny like if like this hr will get bad impression by looking at your name of the mail id itself .so make sure that your mail should be little professional.

2)prepare your resume in well manner spend more time on preparing in resume don’t send your old resumes .your resume should be relevant to the work position to which you are applying for. for example if you send all the equipment handling details and your industrial project experience that may not require for them so along with above skills put your computer skills and about your clinical knowledge also.

If Resume shortlisted: If your resume selected for the interview hr will call you and ask you about yourself and your education background ,about where you are staying , about your work interests and they will tell you interview date and venue to attend.

Round 1: written test: English aptitude and maths logical and reasoning bits 45 , all are multiple choice bits.(test will be on paper not online mostly)

Tips to face this round:English bits:prepositions,vocabulary,jumbling words etc

logical:simple calculations ,i prefer you practice English and logical bits

Round 2: After the written test they will evaluate your papers in one or two hour.

if you are qualified in the written test you will be having hr round where we can expect common hr questions like

1)tell me about yourself

2)why should i hire you?

3)why you want to join in our company?

4)what you know about our company?

Tips to face this round:Be confident while answering and prepare for these questions and practise before interview if this is your first interview. 90%they will send you for the next Technical round.

Round 3: Technical :This is the last round where you will have more chances to eliminate but through proper preparation its easy to face.

mostly questions they ask:

1)Adverse events

2)Adverse effects

3)what is pharmacovigilance

4)what is the work we do in pharmacogivilance

5) is it important pharmacovigialnce

6)drug regulatory authorities

7)pharmacovigilance terminology,case studies.

8)some important drugs pharmacological and mechanism of action.

9)Tell what to inquire when a patient calls in with a adverse event.

10) Age, gender, concomitant medications, medical history, duration of AE, dose of medication

Interview Questions

Tell what to inquire when a patient calls in with a adverse event.

age, gender, concomitant medications, medical history, duration of AE, dose of medication

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This interview process is only for pharmacoviglance in quintlies other departmnts like CDM process may vary.

Anemia Causes| Types | Symptoms | Diet | Diagnosis || Treatment

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Anemia Causes Types Symptoms Diet Diagnosis Treatment

Today we discuss Anemia Causes Types Symptoms Diet Diagnosis Treatment here in this article. Anemia is the condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced. In the anemia the total number of RBCs decreases so indirectly decreases the oxygen level so decrease the production of ATP and energy.

Causes of Anemia:

The main causes of anemia are:

1. Blood loss
2. Lack of red blood cell production
3. High rates of red blood cell destruction

Blood Loss

Blood loss is the most common cause of anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia.
Blood loss can be short term or persist over time.
Heavy menstrual periods or bleeding in the digestive or urinary tract can cause blood loss. Surgery, trauma, or cancer also can cause blood loss.
If a lot of blood is lost, the body may lose enough red blood cells to cause anemia.

Lack of Red Blood Cell Production

Both acquired and inherited conditions and factors can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. “Acquired” means you aren’t born with the condition, but you develop it. “Inherited” means your parents passed the gene for the condition on to you.
Acquired conditions and factors that can lead to anemia include poor diet, abnormal hormone levels, some chronic (ongoing) diseases, and pregnancy.
Aplastic anemia also can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. This condition can be acquired or inherited.

Diet

A diet that lacks iron, folic acid (folate), or vitamin B12 can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells. Your body also needs small amounts of vitamin C, riboflavin, and copper to make red blood cells.
Conditions that make it hard for your body to absorb nutrients also can prevent your body from making enough red blood cells.

Hormones

Our body needs the hormone erythropoietin (eh-rith-ro-POY-eh-tin) to make red blood cells. This hormone stimulates the bone marrow to make these cells. A low level of this
hormone can lead to anemia.

  • SIGNS & SYMPTOMS of ANEMIA:

    Common symptoms of anemia:

    • fatigue

    • light

    headedness

    • decreased energy

    • palpitations (feeling of the heart wearing or beating irregularly and

    • shortness of breath

    • looking

    Symptoms of severe anemia may include:

    • chest pain angina or

    • fainting

    • dizziness

    • rapid heart rate.

  •  

    Anemia Causes| Types | Symptoms | Diet | Diagnosis || Treatment

  • Some of the signs that may indicate anemia in an individual may include:

    • Change   in stool color including black and tarry stools (sticky and foul smelling), maroon-colored, or visibly bloody stools if the anemia is due to blood loss through the gastrointestinal tract;

    • rapid heart rate;

    • low blood pressure

    • rapid breathing;

    • pale or skin;

    • yellow skin called jaundice is due to red blood cell breakdown;

    • heart murmur;

    • enlargement of the spleen with certain causes of anemia.

  • Anemia Causes Types Symptoms Diet Diagnosis Treatment

TYPES OF ANEMIA:

CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE SIZE OF THE RED BLOOD CELLS:

a) Microcytic anemia:

If the red blood cells are smaller than normal, this is called microcytic anemia. The major causes of this type are iron deficiency (low level iron) anemia and thalassemia (inherited disorders of hemoglobin).

b) Normocytic anemia

If the red blood cells size are normal in size (but low in number), this is called normocytic anemia, such as anemia that accompanies chronic disease or anemia related to kidney disease.

c) Macrocytic anemia

If red blood cells are larger than normal, then it is called macrocytic anemia. Major causes of this type are pernicious anemia and anemia related to alcoholism.

Sickle cell Anemia – Treatment Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Genetics

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Sickle cell Anemia – Treatment Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Genetics

Sickle cell disease is an important genetic cause of hemolytic anemia, a form of anemia due to increased erythrocyte destruction, instead of the reduced mature erythrocyte production seen with iron, folic acid, and vitamin B 12 deficiency. Patients with sickle cell disease are homozygous for the aberrant β-hemoglobin S (HbS) allele or heterozygous for HbS and a second mutated β-hemoglobin gene such as hemoglobin C ( HbC ) or β-thalassemia. Sickle cell disease has an increased prevalence in individuals of African descent because the heterozygous trait confers resistance to malaria. In the majority of patients with sickle cell disease, anemia is not the major problem; the anemia is generally well compensated even though such individuals have a chronically low hematocrit (20–30%), a low serum hemoglobin level (7–10 g/dL), and an elevated reticulocyte count. Instead, the primary problem is that deoxygenated HbS chains form polymeric structures that dramatically change erythrocyte shape, reduce deformability, and elicit membrane permeability changes that further promote hemoglobin polymerization. Abnormal erythrocytes aggregate in the microvasculature—where oxygen tension is low and hemoglobin is deoxygenated—and cause veno-occlusive damage. The clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease reflect organ damage by veno-occlusive events. In the musculoskeletal system, this results in characteristic, extremely painful bone and joint pain. In the cerebral vascular system, it causes ischemic stroke. Damage to the spleen increases the risk of infection, particularly by encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae . In the pulmonary system, there is an increased risk of infection and, in adults, an increase in embolism and pulmonary hypertension. Supportive treatment includes analgesics, antibiotics, pneumococcal vaccination, and blood transfusions. In addition, the cancer chemotherapeutic drug hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) reduces veno-occlusive events. It is approved in the United States for treatment of adults with recurrent sickle cell crises and approved in Europe in adults and children with recurrent vaso-occlusive events. As an anticancer drug used in the treatment of chronic and acute myelogenous leukemia, hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and thereby depletes deoxynucleoside triphosphate and arrests cells in the S phase of the cell cycle (see Chapter 54 ). In the treatment of sickle cell disease, hydroxyurea acts through poorly defined pathways to increase the production of fetal hemoglobin γ (HbF), which interferes with the polymerization of HbS. Clinical trials have shown that hydroxyurea decreases painful crises in adults and children with severe sickle cell disease. Its adverse effects include hematopoietic depression, gastrointestinal effects, and teratogenicity in pregnant women.

World SICKLE CELL Day – DATE JUNE 19TH

SICKLE CELL ANEMIA:

The term sickle cell disease encompasses a variety of hemoglobinopathies, including sickle cell anemia, sickle Hb C (SC) disease, & sickle cell thalassemia. Although the clinical presentations of all are often similar, the manifestations of sickle cell are more severe & so mainly considered.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:

Hb is distinguished as Hb A1, HbA2, Hb C, Hb F & Hb S of which Hb A1, Hb A2 & Hb F are normal. Hb A1 – a tetramer consist 2 pairs of globin chains α & β. Substitution of valine for glutamic acid in both the β chains. Each parent contributes a single β chain gene, the heterozygous genotype AS is also possible & is expressed as the sickle cell trait phenotype.

Deoxygenation in capillaries induces rapid polymerization of the sickling Hb, Hb S & results in formation of helical strands of parallel fibres.

The elongated, crescent shaped cells characteristic of sickle cell anemia are so produced. The affected erythrocytes are rigid & unable to pass through the microvasculature. Vasooclusion with subsequent painful ischemia & chronic organ damage.

Sickling is reversible upon reexposure to oxygen, however repeated sickling episodes eventually damage the cell membrane.

The rate of Hb polymerization depends on its concentration in the erythrocyte. The co polymerization of Hb S with Hb F inhibits further polymer growth ; intracellular Hb F concentrations are inversely correlated with severity of disease.

Sicke cell anemia symptoms & clinical presentations:

– Impaired growth & development – Increased risk of infection viz meningitis, pneumonia, septicemia Hematologic – Hemolytic anemia – Aplastic crises – Splenic sequestration crises Vasoocclusive : 1. Cardiovascular: – Cardiac enlargement – Priapism – Renal insufficiency  Painful crises – Systolic murmur 7. Pulmonary: 4. Neurologic : – Acute chest syndrome 2. GI: – Autosplenecetomy – Gallstones / cholecystitis – Cerebral thrombosis – Intracerebral hemorrhage – Seizures – Chronic obstructive disease – Infarction – Hepatic insufficiency – Intrahepatic cholelithiais – Subarachnoid haemorrhage 8. Skin & skeletal : – Arthropathy 5. Ocular: – Aseptic necrosis 3. Genitourinary: – Hematuria – Impotence – Retinopathy – Secondary glaucoma- Leg ulcers

Diagnosis of Sickle cell anemia:

Hb electrophoresis  types & proportion of Hb present.

Is rapid & inexpensive screening test

It establishes the patients genotype.

If both parents have the AS genotype there is a 1 in 4 chance that their child will have homozygous SS disease.

Prenatal diagnosis also possible

TREATMENT:

1. Management of major complications:

a. Anemia

Blood transfusions

Folate supplementations

b. Infection

Cefuroxime for Pneumonia & erythromycin & azithromycin for Mycoplasma pneumonia treatment. Prophylactic penicillin for pneumococcal septicemias.

Ampicillin & cephalosporins for salmonella infections.
Sickle cell Anemia – Treatment Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Genetics

c. Painful crisis

Vigorous hydration is initiated & oxygen administered if hypoxia is present.

Ketorolac is given if codeine or oxycodones singly or in combination with acetaminophen are not effective.

2. Management of the sickle cell disease:

a. Transfusion therapy

b. Pharmacologic management : clotrimazole. Pentoxiphylline, antineoplastics, hydroxyurea.

c. Bone marrow transplantation

Drugs for Cough – Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

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Drugs for Cough - Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages. It occurs due to stimulation of mechano- or chemoreceptors in throat, respiratory passages or stretch receptors in the lungs. Cough may be useful or useless. Useless (nonproductive) cough should be suppressed.
Useful (productive) cough serves to drain the airway, its suppression is not desirable, may even be harmful, except if the amount of expectoration achieved is small compared to the effort of continuous coughing. Apart from specific remedies (antibiotics, etc. see box), cough may be treated as a symptom (nonspecific therapy) with:

1. Pharyngeal demulcents

  1. Lozenges,
  2. cough drops,
  3. linctuses containing syrup,
  4. glycerine,
  5. liquorice.

2. Expectorants (Mucokinetics)

Expectorants thin mucus so it’s cleared more easily out of the airways. They also soothe mucous membranes in the respiratory tract. The result is a more productive cough.

(a) Bronchial secretion enhancers:

Sodium or Potassium citrate, Potassium iodide, Guaiphenesin (Glyceryl guaiacolate), balsum of Tolu, Vasaka, Ammonium chloride.

(b) Mucolytics:

Mucolytics act directly on mucus, breaking down sticky, thick secretions so that they’re more easily eliminated

Bromhexine, Ambroxol, Acetyl cysteine, Carbocisteine

3. Antitussives (Cough centre suppressants)

(a) Opioids:

Codeine, Ethylmorphine, Pholcodeine.

The opioid antitussives (typically codeine and hydrocodone) are reserved for treating an intractable cough.

(b) Nonopioids:

Antitussive drugs suppress or inhibit coughing.
Types of antitussives
Antitussives are typically used to treat dry, nonproductive coughs. The major antitussives include:
• benzonatate
• codeine
• dextromethorphan
• hydrocodone bitartrate.

Noscapine, Dextromethorphan, Chlophedianol.

(c) Antihistamines:

Chlorpheniramine, Diphenhydramine, Promethazine.

Drugs for Cough - Medicine for Cough Expectorants + Suppressant

(d) Peripherally acting:

Prenoxdiazine.

4. Adjuvant antitussives

Bronchodilators: Salbutamol, Terbutalin.

Interview Questions & Answers on Pharmaceutical Production Jobs

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Interview Questions & Answers on Pharmaceutical Production Jobs

Interview Questions & Answers on Pharmaceutical Production Jobs

Pharmacy graduates often tend to think about the vast areas of pharmacy of where to apply for jobs. Are you looking out for jobs to boom your pharmacy career? Aren’t there numerous jobs available in the pharmaceutical industry? Well, the answer to these questions is certainly YES and there are many opportunities to start with. While we provide overall information about pharmacy career, in this article we are going to talk about how to pursue a job in the production department of the pharma industry. A fantastic opportunity for pharmacist graduates is that they can work as a research scholar in R & D production team, assist the pharmaceutical manager, play the role of contract production pharmacist, and outsource the drug information to drive the sales and marketing team. The candidates who are considered to be fresher shall have to start with internship and for experienced all sorts of work are there to be explored. If anyone is seeking part-time jobs he or she can apply according to the need of various manufacturing drug companies. Coming to the point of pharmacy production, as a production pharmacist, one needs to help the production manager in achieving the required output. The job holder would be responsible for taking orders from the production manager and oversees manufacturing activities. In addition to that, he supervises the subordinate employees, does plans for production target and plays an important role in managing the company. Moreover, Production department exists in a formulation plant as well as in bulk (API) plant. The Formulation production jobs are generally offered to B. Pharmacy freshers.

So, if want to get into this pharma production jobs then make a firm decision by keeping this information in mind. You need to prepare well for the production pharmacist job interview questions and answers. Go ahead to the interview with a sound confidence and learn technical answers related to production as much as possible. For this to happen we have compiled some of the common Pharma interview questions for production jobs which are technical questions for production job aspirants. This series hopefully would help you for succeeding the interview.

Interview questions for Pharma production jobs are given below!

 

Questions and Answers

1) Define the tablet?

Ans) Tablet is a solid dosage form. It contains the Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) along with the excipients.

2) Define API?

Ans) API, known as Active pharmaceutical Ingredient. It is the first and important ingredient in any drug formulation. It is a biologically active component responsible for the drug effect.

3) What is excipient and give any two examples with their use?

Ans)  Excipient is an inactive or inert component of the drug formulation which is helpful for improving the tablet characteristics.

Examples: Diluents, useful for increasing the bulk volume of a tablet. Also used for improving the flow properties while compressing the tablet. Lubricants, useful for improving the flow properties while compressing the tablet.

4) Give the examples for diluents and lubricants?

Ans) Diluents- Mannitol, sorbitol, starch, lactose, sucrose etc.

Lubricants – Magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid etc.

5) Name the tablet preparation methods?

Ans) Wet granulation, Dry granulation, Direct compression.

6) Explain the wet granulation, dry granulation and direct compression?

Ans) Wet granulation: It involves mixing, wet sieving, drying, dry screening and compression. API and excipients are mixed well, then binder solution/ granulation fluid added to form a wet mass, wet mass is screening through a suitable sieve, formed granules are dried. Dried granules are again screened through a sieve. It helps to break down the granule agglomerates to produce a compatible size for preparing the tablet. These same size granules blended and compressed.

Dry granulation: It involves mixing, slugging, screening and compression. API and Excipients are mixed well and particles are aggregated under high pressure for forming slugs. These slugs are screened to form uniform granules for compressing the tablets.

Direct compression: In this method, blend of API and Excipients are directly compressed to form tablets without changing physical nature of material itself.

Interview Questions & Answers on Pharmaceutical Production Jobs

7) Name any three tablet processing problems and explain it?

Ans) Mottling, Capping and lamination.

Mottling- unequal colour distribution of a tablet.

Capping- Partial or complete separation of a tablet top or bottom crowns.

Lamination- Separation of tablets into two or more layers.

8) What is the difference between picking and sticking?

Ans) Picking- Because of adhesion to the punch faces, Localized portion missing on the surface of the tablet.

Sticking- Adhesion of tablet localized portion to the punch faces resulting in rough and dull appearance.

9) Define capsule and how many types of capsules are available?

Ans) It is a solid dosage form. It contains API and excipients enclosed in a water soluble shell made up of gelatin.  Two types of capsules are available. Hard gelatin and soft Gelatin capsules.

10) Explain about hard gelatin capsules?

Ans) It contains two parts called body and cap. Body, a long narrow section. Cap,  a smaller wide portion, it fixes over the body.

11) What is the biggest and smallest capsule size?

Ans) The biggest capsule size -000 & smallest capsule size – 5.

12) Define parenterals?

Ans) Sterile dosage forms administered by injections thorough one more layers of the skin.

13) Explain about Water For Injection (WFI)?

Ans) Purified water without any pyrogen, prepared by distillation or reverse osmosis.

14) What is pyrogen?

Ans) They are the metabolic products of microorganisms produced from living or dead microorganisms.

15) Difference between water for injection (WFI) and sterile water for injection (SWFI)?

Ans) WFI – Purified water without any pyrogen

SWFI – Purified and sterile water without any pyrogen

16) Difference between ampule and vial?

Ans) Ampule is simple dose unit and Vial is multiple dose units.

17) Use of additives in the parenteral formulations?

Ans) Additives are used for increasing the stability of solutions.

18) Explain about different types of additives with examples?

Ans) Anti oxidants are used for preventing the auto oxidation of medicament/drug in the formulation. e.g.: Ascorbic acid, Butylated Hydroxy Anisole(BHA), Butylated Hydroxy Toulene(BHT)

Synergists: Enhances the activity of anti oxidants. e.g.: Citric acid, Citarconic acid, Phosphoric acid, Tartaric acid etc.

Preservatives- Helps to prevent the microbial growth in the formulation. e.g.: Benzalkonium chloride, phenyl mercuric acetate, Thiomersol.

19) Give examples of tonicity modifiers?

Ans) Sodium chloride,  Dextrose.

20) Which colours used in parenteral formulations?

Ans) Colours will not be used in the parenteral formulations.

21) What Do You Mean By Dq, Iq, Oq, & Pq?

Answer: Design Qualification (DQ): documented verification that the proposed design of the facilities, equipment, or systems is suitable for the intended purpose.

Installation Qualification (IQ): documented verification that the equipment or systems are installed or modified & comply with the approved design of the manufacturer’s recommendations and/or user requirements.

Operational Qualification (OQ): documented verification that the equipment or systems are installed or modified & perform as intended throughout the anticipated operating ranges.

Performance Qualification (PQ): documented verification that the equipment and ancillary systems are connected & can perform effectively and reproducibly based on the approved process method and specifications.

22) Define Strip Package And Blister Package?

Answer: Strip packages have at least one sealed pocket of material with each pocket containing a single dose of the product. The package is made of two layers of film or laminate material. The nature and level of protection which is required by the contained product will affect the composition of these layers.

Blister packages are composed of a base layer, with cavities called blisters which contain the pharmaceutical product, and a lid. This lid is sealed to the base layer by heat, pressure or both. They are more rigid than strip packages and are not used for powders or semi-solids. In tropical areas blister packages with an additional aluminium membrane is used which provide greater protection against high humidity.

Production Pharmacist Interview Questions & Answers. Looking for production pharmacist jobs? There are numerous jobs available in pharmaceutical industry? Pharma interview questions for production jobs discussed in this post. Production department
Manufacturing Production Interview Questions & Answers quality control testing of foods, medical devices and pharmaceutical products.Production officer interview questions shared by candidates

Pharmacy Student Quotes – Proud to be Pharmacist Quotes

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Pharmacy Student Quotes

Pharmacy student quotes are considered to be one of the finest and trickiest quotes out of all the others.  It not only depicts the true nature of the profession but also the real agony, issues, concerned related deep within the core.  It simplifies certainly aspect of the trade which does not surface but lives deep within.  These are basically double meaning quotes which the student uses to portray their sentiments and bring out their piece of mind at a given juncture of life.  There are thousands of pharmacy student quotes that can really have a deep inner meaning yet tricky.

 

These quotes often led us to few of the most concerning and targeted day to day features in relation to the use of drugs, medicines, hygiene and other aspects of life and the irony of how we accept each and every major aspects in relation to it.  It teaches and gives social values and advices which we do not pay attention to but are quite evident.  Some of the best pharmacy student quotes can simply convey a deep story within its core and a social message about what would be the right path to go forward.

Pharmacy Student Quotes

Using pharmacy student quotes is a very much in fashion today and would certainly increase with the advent of time and demand, but the most important aspect in relation to it lies in its use and the best possible way to put into daily life.  Quotes will simply remain as they are until and unless we know how and where to it in a proper way.  Sometimes its usage and application can be really challenging and brings out the true and natural value of life on this planet to us.  Pharmacy student quotes do have literary importance to us till date.

 

D. Pharmacy Interview Questions & Answers for Freshers

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D. Pharmacy Interview Questions & Answers for Freshers

D. Pharmacy Interview Questions & Answers for Freshers: Just like any other Pharmacy degree D. Pharmacy candidates also can seek jobs in the department of pharmacy. They are generally recruited as pharmacy technicians and interns to start with any firm. Also, some of the fresher D. Pharmacy candidates choose to work as an assistant to the Pharmacists at private stores. In case you are a recent D. Pharmacy graduate, you must spend some time going over the answers to habitually asked questions at a job interview, before you meet your potential employer. Therefore one can expect much more general questions than the core technical questions asked in the interview rounds of higher pharma degrees. But definitely, it would be good enough if you can brush up the syllabus of the D. Pharmacy curriculum and be ready to answer some of the subject-wise questions. As you are going to start the job as a learner so don’t fret over about the interviews, you just need to have the right attitude and confidence that you would be able to fulfil your role. Use the opportunity to learn as much as possible while working in the company. But after all, you are to clear the interview to get that breakthrough in your field. When it comes to facing an interview, it is normal to feel a little apprehensive. However, preparing for the interview helps to overcome your nervousness and boosts your confidence that helps you make a good impression. Even you do not crack at first there is so much to gain in terms of experience. You become wiser and careful for the previous mistakes that you did while appearing in the interview. Also, you get seasoned to face the interview board being freed of nervousness. Either way, you are the gainer with time. One important tip for the Pharmacy freshers would be to never lose any interview opportunity over thinking on it or procrastinating. The sooner you get trained as a fresher the sooner will be your progress.  

D. Pharmacy Interview Questions & Answers for Freshers

Here are a few pharmacy fresh graduates’ interview questions that your interviewer is most likely to ask and go through these on how to answer them:

  1. What duties a pharmacy technician is required to carry out?

Ans: A Pharmacy technician needs to be an expert at what he’s doing, given that, there is absolutely no room for mistakes when preparing medicines according to doctor’s orders. Duties comprise of: filling prescriptions, making medications as per the pharmacist’s orders, maintaining records of each prescription given out, collecting payment, assessing the insurance status before each prescription is handed out and maintaining sanitized and hygienic storage conditions.

  1. What are the most important qualities for a pharmacy technician?

Ans: You should think about the skills needed to be a successful pharmacy technician that you also possess. “The most important necessity is to be detail-oriented. It’s crucial to be attentive when handling prescription medicine because the smallest oversight could be fatal. Maintaining a certain level of professionalism is the key as well because we represent the company and the customer should feel comfortable trusting us with their medication.”

  1. Where do you see yourself in 5 years?

Ans: Before a company invests time in a new employee, they need to know whether the candidate will be committed to the job and whether he intends to be there long-term. Here you must talk about how you see yourself with the company based on the company’s specific characteristics and attributes in 5 years and how will stay abreast with the latest developments in your line of work.

D. Pharmacy Interview Questions & Answers for Freshers

  1. Why do you want to work for our company?

Ans: Make sure that you research the company profile before you go for the interview and give special consideration to its values and goals. You will have to style your reply based on the company’s features, and show them why you suppose you would be great for the position.

  1. How would you handle a difficult customer?

With this question, the interviewer is getting a sense of your communication skills and how you handle conflict.

Ans: “Customer service is an integral part of being a pharmacy technician. I wouldn’t take anything they say personally and do my best to resolve the situation. I would listen to their complaints, apologize, and try my hardest to satisfy the customer. My goal is for them to leave happy and continue doing business with us.”

  1. Why did you choose pharmacy technician as a career?

The interviewer is curious about your motivation for becoming a pharmacy technician. Explain your reasoning for entering the field. Focus on the profession, not the “perks”.

Ans: “When I was in high school, my grandmother became extremely ill. Through her healing process, I saw the power of medicine. I started looking into how to become a pharmacy technician. It sparked a passion in me to pursue a career in healthcare in order to help my community. Also, I love how the field is constantly growing and evolving.”

Or

“I always wanted to be a part of the healthcare industry and wished to be of service to the community”.

  1. What is your greatest weakness?

This question can blindside you if you aren’t prepared.

Ans: You can mention a weak point that you have been working to improve. Or another option is spinning a negative into a positive. “I can be a little obsessive about triple checking everything. However, my reason for doing so is because I know there is no room for mistakes as a worker. I prefer to be that way so that I am reassured my work contains no errors.”

  1. What is the significance of confidentiality in your profession?

Ans: Keeping the patient’s information undisclosed is very essential, given that as a pharmacy technician I have complete access to a customer’s private details. It is imperative for me to keep all information confidential because it is morally wrong toreveal information which thepatient has trusted me with.

  1. What do you think is the most important business aspect of being a pharmacist?

Ans: Providing great patient care is probably the best thing you can do for the business side of pharmacy. Patients who feel they receive great care and have a pharmacist who is knowledgeable and cares about them individually will continue to frequent that pharmacy.

  1. What was your favorite subject while in pharmacy school? What subject did you struggle with most?

Ans: Pharmacy is a job that requires a lot of responsibility, so pharmacists should truly enjoy what they do. This question asked applicants what they did and didn’t like about their studies to see if they enjoyed the overall experience of studying pharmacy. They will look for your Self-awareness your commitment to the pharmacy profession and your honesty in struggling with the subject.While pharmacy is about helping patients, it’s still a business. This question gives the candidate an opportunity to explain more broadly how they think about the business of pharmacy. What to look for:

B Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers

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B Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers

B. Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers: During the final year of the B. Pharmacy course, everyone who wants to get into the job sector prepares for the campus interviews or any such external opportunities. They try to find the question pattern those could be asked in the interview. Some questions asked by the interviewers probably can be guessed. Despite your answers to all the technical questions that will hover around your subject specialization always remember that the employer has only four basic questions in an interview. Before going into the interview you must ask these interviewer questions to yourself. Those are “Are you interested in this job?” “Can you do this job?” “Are you motivated to do this job?” and “Can you fit in our organization?” Use this technique in your interview questions and answers, and then you’ll succeed. Now you’ll be able to resolve the important concern behind every interview question and address that concern.

Reputed pharma companies conduct a qualifying exam for selecting candidates for the interview. The qualifying exam tests your basic knowledge regarding the pharmacy subjects. It may include questions for any subject. It does not have a particular pattern; it’s purely the pharma company choice. The job selection process of pharmaceutical companies varies from company to company. Depending upon the company, you may appear for the B Pharmacy interview with or without writing a qualifying exam. Usually, the reputed pharmaceutical companies conduct a qualifying exam before selecting for the interview. This qualifying exam will help them to assure that the job aspirant is having minimum basic knowledge about the subject. As well as it helps to reduce the number of candidates appearing for the interview. Suppose 20 positions are available for the Job. But 300 candidates appeared to the interview location and for them, an exam would be conducted. Among the entire lot, only the top 60 or top 80 graduates will get selected for the personal interview based on the marks. Lastly, the selection choice method relies on 1:3 or 1:4 quantitative relation. Out of 3 or 4 candidates, they offer the job for one candidate!

In this article, we provided some B. Pharmacy interview questionnaire for candidates from the previous sessions and ideas.

B. Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers

Questions & Answers

Question 1.

1. What is the least amount that should be weighed on Class A prescription balances with the following ensitivity requirements (SRs) and maximum errors:
(a) SR 5 mg; error NMT 5%
(b) SR 6 mg; error NMT 5%
(c) SR 7 mg; error NMT 4%

Answer:
(a) 100 mg
(b) 120 mg
(c) 175 mg

2. What are Aerosols?
Aerosols
Pharmaceutical aerosols are products packaged under pressure that contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released as a fine mist, spray, or foam on actuation of the valve assembly.
Some aerosol emissions are intended to be inhaled deep into the lungs (inhalation aerosol),whereas others are intended for topical application to the skin or to mucous membranes. Aerosols
with metered valve assemblies permit a specific quantity of emission for dosage regulation.

#. Tell something about Capsules?
Capsules Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells of gelatin. Capsule shells are produced in varying sizes, shapes, color, and hardness. Hard-shell capsules, which have two telescoping parts, are used in the manufacture of most commercial capsule products and in the extemporaneous filling of prescriptions. They are filled with powder mixtures or granules. Soft-shell gelatin capsules are formed, filled, and sealed in a continuous process by specialized large-scale equipment. They may be filled with powders, semisolids, or liquids. Capsules contain a specific quantity of fill, with the capsule size selected to accommodate that quantity. In addition to their medication content, capsules usually contain inert substances, such as fillers. When swallowed, the gelatin capsule shell is dissolved by gastrointestinal fluids, releasing the contents. Delayed-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to resist the release of the contents until the capsules have passed through the stomach and into the intestines. Extended-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to release the medication from the capsules over an extended period following ingestion.

4. Key points on Diuretics

Capsules Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and/or inert substances are enclosed within small shells of gelatin. Capsule shells are produced in varying sizes, shapes, color, and hardness. Hard-shell capsules, which have two telescoping parts, are used in the manufacture of most commercial capsule products and in the extemporaneous filling of prescriptions. They are filled with powder mixtures or granules. Soft-shell gelatin capsules are formed, filled, and sealed in a continuous process by specialized large-scale equipment. They may be filled with powders, semisolids, or liquids. Capsules contain a specific quantity of fill, with the capsule size selected to accommodate that quantity. In addition to their medication content, capsules usually contain inert substances, such as fillers. When swallowed, the gelatin capsule shell is dissolved by gastrointestinal fluids, releasing the contents. Delayed-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to resist the release of the contents until the capsules have passed through the stomach and into the intestines. Extended-release capsules are prepared in such a manner as to release the medication from the capsules over an extended period following ingestion.

5. What is Propranolol?

Propranolol
a. Is a B1 specific blocker
b. Causes prominent postural hypotension
c. Inhibits the stimulation of renin production by catecholamines
d. Has a half life of 12 hours
e. Has no effect on plasma lipids

B Pharmacy Fresher Interview Questions & Answers